高中英语语法名词专题复习

1、名词预习案 （学生思考）1. 什么是名词？（Noun)2. 名词有哪几类？3. 画出下列词中的名词，并指出他们属于名词的哪一类？Diana; Beijing; Americans; wood success ream apples family advice soil 我对名词的困惑：_ 【考纲解读】关于名词,高考主要考查: 1.名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。这些问题主要出现在完形填空中。 2.名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体

2、化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。这些问题常出现在短文改错或语法填空中。3.名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象,主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。【预习导学】 探究案 一、 探究一: 名词的单复数 (一) 可数名词的规则变化 (口诀） 名词单数变复数，直接加 -s 占多数； s, x, z, ch, sh 来结尾，直接加上 -es； 词尾是 f 或 fe，加 -s 之前先变 ve； 辅母 + y 在词尾，把 y 变 i 再加 -es； 词尾字母若是 o，要加 -es 请记好，黑人，英雄爱吃西红柿和马铃薯Task1: 根据以上口诀用所给的单词的复数的正确形式

3、填空：。 1There are so many (wolf)in the forest. 2There are three (chair) in the classroom. 3These (tomato) are red. 4 (hero) are great. 5My brother looks after two (baby) 6I have a lot of (toy) in my bedroom. 7I help my mother wash (dish) in the kitchen. Task2. 请写出下列口诀中划线词并写出其复数形式。1单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则(1) 以

4、o结尾的名词变为复数时: 黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：零，蚊子，火山。(2) 以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时: 妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷吓得着了慌，躲进架子保己命，半片树叶遮目光. 即。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s，它们是：屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱，即。而下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，它们是：手帕，围巾。(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：女婿；过路人；_讲故事的人； _ 家庭主妇。a woman teacher two 2.)a gi

5、rl student two (二)可数名词的不规则变化 1常见单复数同形的名词一个中国人和一个日本人骑着一只羊和鹿去吃水煮鱼。_ 系列；_ 方式；_ 工厂；_ 鱼；_ 水果；_ 十字路口；_ 马力；_ 斤等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits。2.中日不变，英法变，其余-s添后面 Chinese Japanese German- (三）不可数名词Task 1. 单句改错,并总结不可数名词的考点。1.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday! 总结：_.2Hehasgotmanygoodnewsfromhere. 总结：

6、_.3.Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside? 总结：_.4.Yesterdayafternoon,IpaidvisittoMrJohnson. 总结：_.5.Duringhervisit, shedrank12 cupoftea. 总结：_.6.The party last night was success. 总结：_.Task 2. 请列举短文改错中经常出现的不可数名词： （四）以复数形式出现的名词根据汉语意思写出下列单词。1. She wears a pair of new (裤子) today.2. She looks pretty when

7、 wearing (眼镜) 3. The (环境) in our neighborhood is very beautiful.4. I dont know how to show my (感谢)to you.(5） 集体名词His family not a big family. His family watching TV now.总结：1.（人民people ； 警察police 复数）; 家庭family班级class队team2. 集体名词作主语时，表示整体-谓语用单数；代表成员-谓语用复数(六）有些词即可是可数,也可以是不可数，意思不一样Task:请写出下列单词。 可数 不可数 可

8、数 不可数 light 灯灯光， exercise 练习 fish 鱼类 work 作品 glass 玻璃杯 life 生命 chicken 小鸡 orange 橘子 paper 报纸，试卷 time 次数 Chinese 中国人 Japanese 日本人 German 德国人 room 房间 （7） 有些可数名词的复数形式有特殊的含义rains 雨季 waters 水域 sands 沙滩 woods 树林，森林fruits 各种水果 glasses 眼镜 looks 外貌 manners 礼貌探究二：名词所有格名词所有格的表达（True or False)1.妇女节离现在还有两周Women

9、Day is in two weeks time .（ ）Women s Day is in two weeks time .（ ）总结：一般单数名词的词尾加 ; 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，在词尾加 ；不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格，在词尾加 . 2.史密斯先生是我爸爸和妈妈的朋友。Mr Smith is my father and mothers friend.（ ）Mr Smith is my fathers and mothers friend.（ ）3.露西的房间比汤姆和莉莉的都大。Lucys room is bigger than Toms and Lilys.（ ）Lucys r

10、oom is bigger than Tom and Lilys.（ ）总结：表示几个人共有一物，只在 用所有格形式；如表示各自拥有时，则 都要用所有格形式。.4.The village is far away from here indeed. Its walk.A. a four hour B.a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours5.Her father returned home after five years absence.（ ） Her father returned home after five years absence.

11、（ ）总结：表示时间、距离等无生命的名词的所有格是在后面直接加 或 . 6.他是我们学校的一名学生。 Their schools students went for a picnic yesterday.（ ） The students of their school went for a picnic yesterday.（ ）总结：表示无生命的名词一般用 短语表示所有关系.7.这是我妈妈的一张照片This is a photo of my mothers.（ ） This is a photo of my mother.（ ） 总结：Of 所有格用名词普通格或人称代词宾格，双重所有格中of

12、后用 或 物主代词。而picture,photo,portrait等词用of所有格侧重同位关系，用双重所有格侧重所有与部分关系。.我妻子的一个朋友 我的一个朋友 知识积累名词常见后缀集锦1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrect_改正attract_ 吸引conclude_结论；结束decide_ 决定admit_ 接纳；准许入学invite_ 邀请explain_ 解释expect_ 期望er/orteach_老师announce_ 播音员conduct_ 指挥；售票员mentpunish_惩罚achieve_ 功绩；成就argue_ 辩论；论据equip

13、_ 装备；设备ance/enceappear_出现；外貌perform_ 表演；节目exist_ 存在；生存prefer_ 偏爱inghear-_ 听力；听觉begin_ 开始ure/turefail_失败；没做到press-_ 压力mix-_ 混合；混合物depart_ 离开；出发yrecover_恢复；痊愈discover-_ 发现其他choose-_选择vary_ 多样化；种类tend_ 趋向；趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshort_不足；短缺cyefficient_效率；功效fluent_ 流利；流畅accurate_ 准确性private_ 隐私；私密domfree_自由；

14、自主wise-_ 明智；智慧encedifferent-_ 差异silent_ 沉默nessweak_虚弱；弱点kind_ 仁慈；好意careless_ 粗心大意thstrong-_力气；强项warm-_ 温暖；热情ytyityhonest_诚实difficult_困难cruel_ 残酷；残暴safe-_ 安全disable_ 无能；伤残responsible_ 责任【考点突破】考点1名词词义辨析，包括同缀、形近、意近和无关联词 1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_and then let me know. A.

15、thought B.support C.protection D.authority 2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust. A.production B.stress C.energy D.power3.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform. A.judgments B.adjustments C.comments D.achi

16、evements 4.Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave. Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _. ArequestsBexcuses CapologiesDregrets5.When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall. AbalanceBchance CmemoryDplace6.He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went

17、to carry out the secret task. AemotionBtalent CidentityDtreasure7.When Richard said，“You are much more agreeable and prettier now，” Joans face turned red at the unexpected _.AcommandBcomparison CcomplimentDcontribution8.Wind is now the worlds fastest growing _ of power.AsourceBsense CresultDroot考点归纳

18、名词词义辨析是高考的热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式：1“同缀”词的词义辨析，即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的有：expression (表情) attention (注意) satisfaction (满意) impression (印象)accommodation (住宿) occupation (职业) adaptation (适应，改编) appreciation (欣赏)equipment (设备) arrangement (安排) assessment (评估，估算) ente

19、rtainment (娱乐)consequence(后果) independence (独立) competence(能力，权限) intelligence (智力)2“形近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的形近词有：command (命令) comparison (比较) compliment (赞美) contribution (贡献)commitment (承诺，保证) competition (竞争) ambition (野心) accompany (陪伴)3“意近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的意近词有：advice；question；offer；idea anger；rude

20、ness；regret；panic(惊慌)4“无关联”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中出现的有：symbol (象征) portrait (肖像) identity (身份) statue (雕像)difference(差异) comparison(比较) connection(连接) barrier(屏障，障碍)luck(运气) value(价值) time(时间) fact(事实)考点2名词的一词多义与熟词新义1.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full，definitel

21、y. ArecipeBrecord CrangeDreceipt2.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight. AeffectBsense CchangeDchance3.The failure was a big _ to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever. A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor 4.Could you tell me the _

22、of making such tasty cakes? Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook. AfeatureBplan CcostDtrick考点归纳名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine. 患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药，他们的头疼会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。考点3抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化通常可分

23、为以下四类：一、表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词有：抽象名词抽象名词具体化drink饮料A drink comfort安慰；慰藉A comfort一 feeling感觉；感情a good feeling success成功a success failure失败a failure surprise惊奇a surprise experience经验an experience difficulty困难a difficulty coffee咖啡two coffees beauty美，美丽a beauty pleasure愉快，高兴a pleasure prid

24、e骄傲a pride honor荣誉，信誉an honor 二、表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常以a/an抽象名词，或a/an形容词抽象名词。常用短语、句型如下：have a wonderful supper；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an income of；receive a good education；receive a warm welcome；cover an area of；reach a h

25、eight of；Its a waste of time/money；Its a great help to me.；Its a pity that. 三、表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词(have，take，make，give)等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology；take/have a great interest；go

26、out for a walk 四、接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream 【方法总结】名词解题方法方法1利用固定搭配和习惯表达It is said that dogs will keep you _ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safety B.company C.house D.friend 方法2利用句子的平衡、对比等结构To ma

27、ke members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses. AstrengthsBbenefits CtechniquesDvalues方法3充分把握具体的语境Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. AexplanationsBinstructions CdescriptionsDintroductions【扩展交流】典题精选我来改正常设误点

28、(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.(2015陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself._(1)可数名词单复数的错用可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of .等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式；在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cl

29、eos early morning barking.(2016长春市质检)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far, I really appreciate your support._(2)混淆名词的可数与不可数有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词；误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, inform

30、ation, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。(2016济宁市一模)Ive learned English for so long that I can communicate with native speakers of English without difficult._(3)词性错用误把动词、形容词等当作名词。典题精选我来改正常设误点(2014陕西高考)That day I didnt learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about g

31、ravity!(2016邢台市高三摸底考试)But he had only an 100yuan note.(2016嘉峪关市一中三模)He was an European billionaire who got everything he wanted._(1)不定冠词a和an的错用在元音音素前应用不定冠词an；在辅音音素前应用不定冠词a；有些单词以元音字母开头但却是以辅音音素开头，前面应用冠词a而不用an；还有一些单词以辅音字母开头但却是以元音音素开头，前面应用冠词an而不用a。(2015新课标全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping cent

32、er with his parents . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.(2016郑州二模)Most of us feel nervous whenever were taking the important exam._(2)不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。(2013新课标全国卷)This custom soon became another meal of day.(2016江西九校联考)Forrest Gump was born in sm

33、all village._(3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失一般情况下，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词a(n)或the。 a(n)表示类指或泛指，the 表示特指。(2013浙江高考)Tomorrow is first day of school.(2016衡水一中模拟)In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, richest man in the world, gave up studying in Harvard University._(4)定冠词the的缺失在序数词前常用定冠词the；在形容词最高级前也常用定冠词the。(2014新课标全国卷)Th

34、ere are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.(2016南昌市一模)I think its a great fun and I can make more friends._(5)冠词的多余可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。(2015浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. (2014新课标全国卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhe

35、re._(6)常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a(n)，有的用定冠词the，而有的不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, on the right, in fact, as a result等。【当堂达标】1.(2016高考全国乙卷语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few _(day) with his sister .2(2016高考全国甲卷语法填空)Recent _(study) show that we are far more productive at work .3(2016高考全国甲卷短文改错)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._4(2016高考全国丙卷短文改错)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. 5(2016高考全国乙卷语法填空)The nursery team switc