电影的早期历史_The_history_of_motion_pictures_

1、新托福結構式極速閱讀大講堂-課堂補充知識1：電影的早期歷史 The history of motion pictures 分類：新托福機經2007/02/16 00:46這是第二堂上課會補充的背景知識，同學可以先看的哦，請參考OG 的第58頁 Early Cinema早期電影的發展一直是托福的熱門考題，從攝影機的發明，拍攝技術的發展，從有無聲至有聲電影的過程也是iBT 的真經之一，06年就出現了兩次。以下機經皆同學們在網上分享，感謝這些好心的同學，編者只是將其整理，與大家分享，祝福大家有好成績的哦 。) 有聲電影的發展：（06.04.08、06.12.15）關於電影從無聲電影轉變有聲電影時代是

2、一個重要得轉變。說在1920s以前，人們用雖然沒有把臺詞加到電影中，但是聲音早就以鋼琴伴奏的形式加到電影中。其中舉了個例子說某某電影在加了live得music以後大受歡迎。接著又說有聲電影的發展蓋過了電影中其他技術的發展，好像是圖像，拍攝之類的。說其他的這些技術的進步直到1950s才被人所注意。其中考到drastically changed, overshadow這樣的詞。The history of motion pictures Since earliest times, people have been interested in portraying things in motion.

3、 During the late 1800s, developments in science helped stimulate a series of inventions that led to projected motion pictures on celluloid film. The first successful photographs of motion were made in 1877 and 1878 by Eadweard Muybridge. Muybridge took a series of photographs of a running horse. For

4、 his project, Muybridge set up a row of cameras (first 12, then 24) with strings attached to their shutters. When the horse ran by, it broke each string in succession, tripping the shutters. The works, In Jockey on a Galloping Horse, are considered a forerunner of motion pictures.Thomas Alva Edisons

5、 contribution to Early cinema Muybridges feat influenced inventors in several countries to work toward developing devices to record and re-present movie images. These inventors included Thomas Armat and Thomas Alva Edison. Edisons company displayed the first commercial motion-picture machine in 1893

6、. Edison called his machine the kinetoscope (a term which derived from kinetics, a science that deals with aspects of motion). It was a cabinet showing unenlarged 35-millimeter black-and-white films running about 90 seconds. An individual watched through a peephole as the film moved on spools. By it

7、s nature, the experience of viewing a motion picture through a kinetoscope was more private, and, in some ways, more voyeuristic. Kinetoscope parlors opened in a number of cities. However, they were soon replaced by projection machines that threw greatly enlarged pictures on a screen. These new mach

8、ines allowed many people to view a single film at the same time. Thomas Edison developed the kinetoscope, but its roots were in another Edison invention, the phonograph. First developed in the 1870s as a business machine to aid dictation, the phonograph amplified sound recorded on cylinders. Phonogr

9、aphs were soon adapted for entertainment purposes, however, and by the early 1890s they were placed in train stations, hotel lobbies, amusement parks, and other public areas. By dropping in a nickel, a person could listen to music or other sound effects through a telephonelike receiver.Early motion

10、pictures Film screenings soon became a popular entertainment. In large cities, motion pictures played on vaudeville programs, in music halls, and in amusement arcades. Traveling projectionists brought the films to smaller cities and country towns. Films were made without recorded synchronized sound.

11、 However, exhibitors sometimes accompanied the images with music or lectures, or even used offscreen live actors to provide dialogue. Later, printed titles were inserted within the films. The titles gave dialogue, descriptions of action, or commentary. At first the “silent movies” were accompanied b

12、y piano improvisations and the music played bore no special relationship to the film. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. Moreover, in

13、the larger movie theaters, small orchestras were formed. Edisons company dominated the early years of American moviemaking through its control of patents on filmmaking equipment. Edwin S. Porter, who worked for Edison as a director and cameraman, became a leader in shifting film production from curr

14、ent events toward storytelling. Porters 1903 film, The Great Train Robbery, portrayed a train robbery and the pursuit and capture of the robbers. The 11-minute Western became a sensational hit.世界A級國際電影節 n 全世界A級國際電影節目前共有11個。n 德國.柏林國際電影節：創辦於1951年，於每年的2月7日至18日舉行，最高獎名稱為金熊獎；n 法國.戛納國際電影節：創辦於1939年，於每年的5月10日至21日舉行，最高獎名稱為金棕櫚獎；n 捷克.卡羅維法利國際電影節：創辦於1946年，於每年的7月5日至15日舉行，最高獎名稱為水晶球獎；n 俄羅斯.莫斯科國際電影節：創辦於1959年，於每年的7月16日至29日舉行，最高獎名稱為聖.喬治獎；n 加拿大.蒙特利爾國際電影節：創辦於1977年，於每年的8月25日至9月4日舉行，最高獎名稱為美洲大獎；n 意大利.威尼斯國際電影節：創辦於1931年，於每年的8月30日至9月9日舉行，最高獎名稱為金獅獎；n 西班牙.聖塞巴斯蒂安國際電影節：創辦