耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕

1、在以后的两节课里 我们将讨论有关社会心理学的内容This is going to begin a two-lecture sequence on social psychology on有关我们如何看待自己 如何看待看待他人how we think about ourselves, how we think about other people,如何看待其他群体的成员how we think about other groups of people.我们已经讨论过很多人类心理能力 Weve talked a lot about the capacities其中一些能力包括of the huma

2、n mind and some of these capacities适应和处理物质世界的involve adapting and dealing with the material world.因此我们必须选择食物 必须在世界中漫游So, we have to choose foods, we have to navigate around the world,必须识别物体 we have to recognize objects,必须能够理解自然界的相互作用 we have to be able to understand physical interactions.但可能我们进化成的心理

3、But probably the most interesting aspect of最有趣的方面是我们能够理解他人 与他人打交道our evolved minds is our capacity to understand and deal with other people.我们对他人如何工作非常感兴趣We are intensely interested in how other people work.二零零五年有个大新闻The story that was a dominant news story in 2005 was this.你们中的一些人 那些看不到屏幕的人And some

4、 of you-this-for those of you who arent seeing the screen,这是有关詹妮弗安妮丝顿和布拉德皮特的离婚案is the separation of Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt.我还记得我第一次听说这事是在什么地方 I remember where I was when I first heard about this.这非常有趣 就是记得 作为心理学家 And its an interesting sight. Just remember-stepping back. As psychologists我们必须

5、对肯定的事情提出疑问 我们要质疑所谓的常识 we have to question the natural. We have to take things并研究它们 刚刚发生的事情是that are commonsense and explore them. And one thing which just happens is,我们为这些事情所着迷 were fascinated by this stuff.我们对名人的生活感兴趣Were fascinated by the lives of celebrities.我们对他人的社会生活非常感兴趣Were fascinated by the

6、social lives of other people.为什么会这样呢 这是个有趣的问题And its an interesting question to ask why.这是我将在之后两节课中And this is one of the questions会讲到的问题之一which Im going to deal with in the next couple of lectures但在我开始讲社会心理学理论之前 but before I get to the theory of social psychology我想先讨论一项个体差异 I want to talk about an

7、individual difference.几周前我们用了一节课的时间So, we devoted a lecture early on-of a couple of weeks ago,讲述人与人之间智力和人格上的个体差异to individual differences across people in intelligence and personality.我想讲有关人在社会属性方面的差异I want to talk a little bit about an individual difference in our social natures然后给大家做个测验 and then I

8、 want people to do a test that will explore看看你们处于什么位置 where you stand on a continuum.你面前放着的那张纸就是测验 That test is the piece of paper you have in front of you.没有拿到的同学请举手 Anybody who doesnt have it please raise your hand助教会发给你 and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you.不要着急 你现在还不知道怎么做 You dont

9、 know what to do yet with it so dont worry.这个测试是马尔科姆格拉德威尔The test was developed actually by Malcolm Gladwell他是一位科普作家 在他著作引爆流行中开发的who is a science writer- in his wonderful book The Tipping Point.格拉德威尔在测验介绍中And as he introduces the test,他详述了斯坦利米尔格拉姆的另一个实验 Gladwell recounts another experiment done by S

10、tanley Milgram,当然米尔格拉姆因服从实验闻名 但他也做了很多有趣的事of course famous for his obedience work but he did a lot of interesting things.在一项经典实验中 他将包裹给从内布拉斯加州的奥马哈人中And one classic study he did was he gave a package to 160 people randomly chosen随机挑选的一百六十人 然后让这些人无论如何将包裹送给in Omaha, Nebraska and he asked these people to

11、 get the package somehow这在很多年前 还没有因特网 and this was many years ago before the internet,没有电邮 要将包裹送到一个在波士顿工作before e-mail?To get the package to a stockbroker who worked in Boston却住在马萨诸塞州雪伦市的股票经纪人but lived in Sharon, Massachusetts.他发现大多数人竟然做到了What he found was that most people were able to do it.当然没有人认识

12、这个人 Nobody, of course, knew this man 但他们认识那些可能认识这个人的人 but they knew people who might know people who would know this man.所以大多数人成功了 大多数人都能将包裹送至这个人So, most people succeeded. Most people were able to get the packages to this man这就是六度分隔理论 and it took at maximum six degrees of separation,著名的短语的出处which is

13、 where the famous phrase comes about我们与他人的间隔 只有六个人而已that were all separated from another person by six degrees of separation.这不是普遍正确的This is not true in general.只在美国内做过实验This was a very-a single experiment done within the United States,但这个想法非常吸引人but the idea is appealing,人们是通过一系列人脉与其他人联系的that people

14、 are connected to one another via chains of people.米尔格拉姆发现 特别有趣的是But what Milgram found that was particularly interesting was半数的被试仅通过 两个人就将包裹送到了 that in about half of the cases these packages went through two people.也就是说 如果标出人与人间的关系That is, if you plot the relationships between people-我们以这个房间里的人为例We

15、 can take each person in this room,将彼此认识的人连线 find everybody you know and who knows you and draw a line,如果我们真这么做的话 我们看到的不会是一张网 but if we were to do this you wouldnt find an even mesh of wires.相反 你会发现有些人会成为节点Rather, youd find that some people are clusters.这些人就是格拉德威尔所谓的联系员 这有点像空中交通Some people are what

16、Gladwell calls Connectors. its like air traffic.以前的空中交通是与各个目的地的连线Air traffic used to be everything flew to places local但现在更像一个枢纽系统 例如芝加哥的奥黑尔或纽瓦克to it but now theres a system of hubs, chicago OHare for instance or Newark都是许多飞机经过的地方 而有些人就是枢纽 where planes fly through. Some people are hubs.这些人就是那种认识很多人的

17、人Some people are the sort of people who know a lot of people.这房间里的一些人可能是枢纽 这不难发现Some people in this room might be hubs, and it is not impossible to find out.这张纸上有二百五十个从曼哈顿电话簿上The piece of paper you have here is 250 names chosen randomly随机抽取的名字 from a Manhattan phone book.其中包含了不同种族They capture a rang

18、e of ethnicities,世界不同地区 不同原国籍的人 different parts of the world, different national origins.下面就是我想让你们做的 我给大家五分钟时间Heres what Id like you to do. And Ill give about five minutes for this.浏览这些名字 并圈出那些你认识的人的名字Go through these names and circle how many people you know.圈名字的规则是 Now, the rules of this are,圈出那些你

19、们彼此认识的人的名字to know somebody you have to-they have to know you back.如果是个名人 这里一个名字是约翰逊So, if its a celebrity-Well, here-one of the names here is Johnson.我听说过埃尔文约翰逊 但埃尔文约翰逊从没听说过我Now, Ive heard of Magic Johnson but Magic Johnson has never heard of me,所以不能圈这个名字 另外 我们系主任是玛西亚约翰逊so I cannot circle it.On the

20、other hand, our department chair is Marcia Johnson.她认识我 所以我就可以圈她 开始浏览并圈出你认识的人She has heard of me, so I could circle it. Go through and circle it.圈出所有你认识同时也认识你的人Circle all the people you know who know you.那些就是和你有联系的人Those are the people youre connected to.如果你认识的人里有重名的 圈两次If you know more than one per

21、son with the same last name, circle it twice.如果你没有拿到这张纸 而你又想参与进来If you dont have this piece of paper and you want to participate,请举手 助教会发给你please raise your hand and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you.在大家做这个的时候 我想多说两句Im going to talk a little bit more about this while people go through

22、 this.人际关系的问题 很多情况下都很有趣The issue of connections between people is intellectually interesting还可以让我们对人们如何互动for many reasons and might allow us to develop some generalizations有一个归纳 当然 六度空间理论about how people interact. The game of Six Degrees of Separation has, of course,也成了演员凯文贝肯根的著名电影轶事turned into a fa

23、mous movie trivia thing revolving around the actor Kevin Bacon,我想之所以选他是因为他名字压韵吧 I think chosen just because it rhymes with Separation.凯文贝肯的六度空间游戏是这么玩的And the game of Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon is played by任何一名演员计算接近凯文贝肯 taking any actor and computing how many steps要经过多少步 it would take to get to Kevi

24、n Bacon.有些计算机科学家已经将这个开发出来了And some computer scientists have developed this.他们检查国际电影数据库中Theyve gone through each of the quarter million actors二十五万名男女演员 and actresses on the international movie database然后计算出他们的贝肯数 贝肯数就是指他们联系到贝肯and computed their Bacon number. and the Bacon number is the number of step

25、s所需要的步骤数it takes for them to get to Kevin Bacon.比如 爱德华阿斯纳在电影JFK中与凯文贝肯合作So for instance, Ed Asner was in the movie Change of-; JFK With Kevin Bacon.那么爱德华阿斯纳的贝肯数为一So, Ed Asner has a Bacon number of one.埃尔维斯普雷斯利在修女变身中与爱德华阿斯纳合作Elvis Presley was in the movie Change of Habit with Ed Asner而这是他与凯文贝肯最紧密的联系了a

26、nd thats his closest connection to Kevin Bacon.所以埃尔维斯普里斯利的贝肯数为二So, Elvis Presley has a Bacon number of two.结果发现 如果你观察二点五 抱歉It turns out that if you look at the 2.5-sorry,电影数据库中的二十五万人 并计算他们的贝肯数the quarter million people on the movie database and compute their Bacon number,平均贝肯数为二点八 这就是联系到凯文贝肯的the ave

27、rage Bacon number is 2.8. Thats how many steps your average person所需平均人数 is away from Kevin Bacon.然后你可以在演员中 计算出联系最多人的一个You could then, for any actor or actress, compute the most connected one.联系最多的那位演员So, the most connected one would be the one for将是这二十五万人中 平均来说 最多人联系的whom the quarter million are, o

28、n average, the most connected to.联系最多演员的答案 相当出人意料And the answer of the most connected actor or actress is reasonably surprising.大家想猜猜吗Does anybody want to guess?我先给大家一个错误答案 Ill start you off with the wrong answer and this,顺便说一句 可以在该网站上找到答案 不是约翰韦恩by the way, can be found on this web site. Its not Joh

29、n Wayne.约翰韦恩确实拍了很多电影 一百八十部电影John Wayne has been in many movies, 180 movies,在六十多年里 但他不是最多联络人in fact, over sixty years, but he isnt well connected at all because mostly他几乎只出现在西部电影中 所以我们不停地看到同一些人he was in westerns so we saw the same people over and over again.梅丽尔斯特里普也不是 Meryl Streep also isnt it 因为梅丽尔斯

30、特里普很不幸只拍好电影 所以because Meryl Streep has the misfortune of playing only in good movies. So,她与像亚当桑德勒和约翰克劳德范戴姆这些演员没联系she has no connection with people like Adam Sandler and John Claude Van Damme.猜一下 有其他猜测吗 克里斯托弗沃肯有点靠谱了Guess. Any guesses? Christopher Walken is a good one.我们来查查看 我只认识少数几个人We could look it

31、up. I only know a few names here.克里斯托弗沃肯不是最多的 尼古拉斯凯奇是个有趣例子Christopher Walken is not a finalist. Nicolas Cage is an interesting case.尼古拉斯凯奇拍过好电影吗 Has Nicolas Cage been in good movies?我不是想 我这是自找麻烦了I dont want to get- im going to get more controversial than I want to.一个类似临时演员的人 他最多算个二流演员 请再说一遍A guy who

32、 is one step above an extra.Hes like a B-list actor at best.Pardon me?最佳联络人The most connected guy?最佳联络人 我想说你是对的 是罗德斯泰格尔The most connected guy, and I think this shows that youre right,is Rod Steiger.他是演艺史上的最佳联络人Hes the most connected actor in the history of acting不是因为他比其他人参演了更多电影 because it isnt that

33、 hes been in more movies than everybody else.迈克尔凯恩可能是世界上出演电影最多的人Michael Caine has probably been in the most movies of any person on earth,但罗德出演了各种类型的电影 他出演了码头风云but hes been in all sorts of movies. He was in On the Waterfront,炎热的夏夜以及像无妄之灾这类烂片In the Heat of the Night, and really bad movies like Carpoo

34、l.他参演戏剧和犯罪连续剧 惊险片 西部片 恐怖电影Hes been in dramas and crime serials, thrillers, westerns, horror movies,科幻片和音乐剧science fiction, musicals.有些人就像罗德斯泰格尔 有些人在他们日常生活里Now, some people are like Rod Steiger. So, some people in their day-to-day lives与人有很多互动 我想从互动中可以了解的是have many interactions and I think one of the

35、 things we know from interacting我们能从人群中识别出这些人 with people is we can distinguish them from other people.有多少人已经做完了How many people have finished their things right now?好 我认识学院里的一个人Okay. I know one person in the department是我知道的认识最多人的人 who is one of the most connected people I know on earth.如果我想 如果我真的想联系

36、拉扎斯菲尔德 我会去找他说If I wanted-If I really had to talk to Rumsfeld, id go to this person and say,你能帮我联系上菲尔德吗 如果我想整某个人Can you get me in touch with Rumsfeld? if I wanted to get somebody whacked,我会去问他 Id ask this guy.在学院里我还认识其他的人 据我所知Then I know someone else in the department and, as best I know,我是她唯一认识的人Im

37、the only person she knows.有多少人的得分低于十分So, how many people scores below ten on this?有多少人得分在十分到二十分之间 How many between ten and twenty?二十分到三十分之间呢 Between twenty and thirty?三十分到四十分呢Thirty and forty?四十分到五十分之间呢Between forty and fifty?五十分到六十分呢Fifty and sixty?有多少人得分超过六十分How many people scored above sixty?有人得分

38、超过六十分吗Anybody above sixty?格拉德维尔在很多地方做过这个实验Gladwell has done this in a lot of places.在大学生群体里平均分是二十一分 The average is twenty-one among a college crowd.有些人得分超过一百Some people score as high as over 100.年龄越大 得分越高 可能很明显The older you are, the more- the higher you tend to score, maybe obviously,不是在这个国家呆的时间越长 得

39、分越高not-the longer youve been in the country the higher you tend to score.记者的分数理所当然会高些 学者的分数不那么高Journalists tend to score reasonably high, academics not so high,格拉德维尔指出 有些人就是有天赋and-but what Gladwell points out is some people have the gift.有些人比其他人更有社交天赋 Some people are more social than others并与很多人以各种有

40、趣的形式保持联系and this connects in all sorts of interesting ways.人脉问题涉及社会因素The issue of connection has social factors这是社会学家为来耶鲁念书给出的一个很好理由and its one answer that sociologists give for why its good to go to Yale.一个答案是因为这里有丰富的学术资源So, one answer is, well, because of the great intellectual benefits.先不说这个 很讽刺的

41、Put that aside. Lets be more cynical here.另一个答案是 你能交到很牛的朋友 Another answer is that you develop powerful friends.这很接近了 但社会学家给出的答案And thats closer, but the interesting answer sociologists不是你交到多少厉害的朋友come to is its not so much you develop powerful friends;而是 你认识了多少很牛的人 在耶鲁你认识了很多人rather,you develop power

42、ful acquaintances. Through Yale you know a lot of people他们不一定是好朋友 但他们是相识的人and they dont have to be close friends but they are acquaintances.社会学家指出 你生活中的很多方面And sociologists point out that for a lot of aspects of your life,例如找工作 熟人很重要 人脉很重要like getting a job, acquaintances matter, connections matter,

43、你通过进入像耶鲁这样的地方and the connections you establish by going to而建立起来的人脉将为你未来做很好的铺垫a place like Yale hold you in good stead for the rest of your life,除了学术资源 这个地方能给你带来above and beyond any intellectual qualities that this place may offer.这就是我在下节课 以及以后的两节半课所要说的内容Heres what were going to do for the next lectu

44、re and a half,two lectures.我们首先讨论自我Were first going to talk about the self.然后我们讨论自我和他人Then were going to talk about the self and other;基本上 我们对自己的看法 basically, differences between how we think of ourselves和我们对他人的看法是存在差异的 我们将专门讨论and how we think about other people. Then were going to talk exclusively

45、about我们如何看待他人 然后讨论 how we think about other people and then well talk about我们如何看待像哈佛学生 或同性恋或黑人这样的群体how we think about groups like Harvard students or gay people or black people.我将从我最喜欢的研究结果开始 这是有关自我的内容Ill start with my favorite finding of all time and this is about the self.有关焦点效应 我每天早晨都很匆忙And this

46、is about the spotlight effect. So, my mornings are often rushed因为我有两个孩子 有时我没有定闹钟because I have two kids. So, I get up and sometimes I dont set the alarm就会起晚 我挣扎着下床 把孩子们叫起来and I get up late; I stagger out of bed; I wake the kids;问候佣人 做好准备 做早餐I greet the servants; I get ready; I make breakfast.我冲出房间 通

47、常在大概下午三点时有人会说I run out of the house and then usually around 3 oclock somebody points out,某次是一个流浪汉说 我耳朵上有一大块剃须膏in one case a homeless man, that I have a big glob of shaving cream in my ear or因为我剃须时都没心思看镜子because I neglected to actually look in the mirror while I shaved.又一次我参加一个派对 我发现我的衬衫上没穿正Or I have

48、 once been to a party and I found my shirt was misaligned,严重地没穿正 不是一个扣子seriously misaligned, not one button but-Anyway,总之 那时候我的感觉很不成熟so-and so I feel when this happens Im very immature.我甚至感觉这是世界末日And I basically feel this is the end of the world,这实在太丢脸 而且每个人都注意到了 问题是this is humiliating and everybody

49、 notices. And so the question is,当这发生时 有多少人真的注意到了呢 焦点效应就是 how many people notice when something happens? And the spotlight effect-Well,在讨论我最喜欢的实验之前 before talking about my favorite experiment ever,我先播一段辛普森一家there is an episode of The Simpsons它充分说明了焦点效应that provides a beautiful illustration of the sp

50、otlight effect.这段短片还对心理测验给出了个漂亮的例证And then it has a beautiful illustration of psychological testing,我让大家一个一个看so Ill give you them quickly one after the other.因此 汤姆季洛维奇 一位社会心理学家So, Tom Gilovich, a social psychologist,对焦点效应问题很感兴趣was interested in the question of the spotlight effect,当我们穿粉红衬衫上班 或耳朵上粘了剃

51、须膏 或其他什么which is when we wear a pink shirt to work,shaving cream in our ear or whatever,我们真会过高地估计别人对此的注意吗 do we systematically overestimate how much other people notice?他就此做了一系列实验 其中一个实验是这样做的He did a series of experiments. And in one experiment what he did was他从心理学导论课上找到一些被试he got in the subjects .S

52、tandard Intro Psych drill.跟他们说 我希望你们明天穿件T恤And said,I want you to wear a T-shirt for the next day我希望T恤上有图 and I want it to have a picture on it,然后他让他们穿上他们认为and he got them to wear T-shirts that had pictures on it最尴尬图片的T恤that were the most embarrassing pictures that they could have on it.结果发现如果你问人们It

53、turns out that if you ask peopleT恤上印什么画最难以接受whats the worst picture to have on the T-shirt位居第一的答案是希特勒和巴瑞曼尼洛that you are wearing, the number one answer is Hitler tied with Barry Manilow.画在T恤上最好的图画是 The best pictures to have on your T-shirt马丁路德金和杰瑞宋飞are Martin Luther King Jr. And Jerry Seinfeld.结果发现人们

54、It turns out that people-他让他们穿着T恤到处走动一天然后问他们And then he had them go about their day and asked them,有多少人注意到了你的T恤How many people noticed your T-shirt?然后心理学家又去问被试周围的人 And then the psychologists went around and they asked the people,你们有多少人注意到了这个人的T恤 How many of you noticed this persons T-shirt?结果发现 他们大概

55、错误估计了两倍 And it turned out they got it wrong by a factor of about two.他们认为 有一百个人注意到 但其实只有五十个人注意到They thought, say, 100 noticed, but fifty people noticed.通过多次研究 季洛维奇和And across study after study after study Gilovich他的同事找到了支持焦点效应的证据 and his colleagues have found support for the spotlight effect,也就是你认为人

56、们注意到你which is that you believe that people are noticing但其实并没有 他们正忙着注意他们自己you all the time but they arent. Theyre busy noticing themselves.知道这点非常有用 季洛维奇之所以对此感兴趣And this is actually a useful thing to know. Gilovich got interested in this是因为他对后悔心理学感兴趣 because hes interested in the psychology of regret.

57、结果发现如果你真的去问那些临终的人And it turns out that if you actually ask dying people,或是年纪很大的人 你这辈子最后悔的事是什么or really old people basically, What do you regret from your life?他们不约而同地都对他们没有尝试过的事情感到后悔they regret the things as a rule that they didnt try.但当你问他们为什么不尝试时 But when you asked them why they didnt try it 他们的回答是 这样我看起来会很愚蠢 the answers tended to be I would look silly.很有趣的是结果发现 其实人们并不像你想的And it turns out, interest