英语语言学导论复习题

1、语言学导论复习一名词解释1.Broad transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. 2.Componential.kmpnenlanalysis（成分分析）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structu

2、ral semanticistssmntsist to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 3.Interlanguage（中介语；过渡语）：Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as

3、learners independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum kntinjumor approximation .prksimein n. 接近，近似from his native language to the target language. 4.Competence & performance(语言能力和语言行为)：Chomsky defines competence as the ide

4、al users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 5. Context（语境）: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speak

5、er and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.6.Language Acquisition(语言习得)：Language acquisition refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.

6、7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis haipisis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）:Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤 peoples perception感官，观念 and the way they categorize分类 experiences. This interde

7、pendence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.8.Language Acquisition Device(语言习得机制)：The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically baildikli 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions su

8、ch as walking. Originally Chomsky referred to this innate天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD).二论述题1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (1) The naming theory命名论 One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the nam

9、ing theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels称谓 for things. (2) The conceptualist view 概念论 This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in

10、the interpretation解释 of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. (3)Contextualism语境论 The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context elements closely linked with language behaviour.(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behaviorists attempted to define the

11、 meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth唤起，引起in the hearer”.(Bloomfield)2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might b

12、e performing three acts when speaking: locutionary lukju:nriact(言内行为), illocutionary act(言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. (言后行为)A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary a

13、ct is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.For ex

14、ample:“You have left the door wide open.” The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context. The perlocutionary act refers to the effec

15、t of the utterance. It can be the hearers closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.3. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? Design features refer to the defining

16、 properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. (1)Arbitrariness(任意性)This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. However, language is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirel

17、y arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language. (2)Productivity (能产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.(3)Duality

18、（二层性）Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. This duality of structure of l