英汉翻译-5 增补与省略

1、英汉翻译理论与实践 A Translation Course： English-Chinese,增补与省略,增补与省略,5.1 增补译法 5.1.1 译形容词时增加程度副词 5.1.2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词 5.1.3 译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词 5.1.4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词 5.1.5 补译省略部分 5.1.6 补译替代部分 5.1.7 补译解释说明 5.1.8 根据语气增词 5.1.9 根据语境增词 5.1.10 根据逻辑修辞增词,5.2 省略译法 5.2.1 冠词的省译 5.2.2 代词的省译 5.2.3 连词的省译 5.2.4 短语或句子的省译, 增补译法

2、翻译时需要在字面上作一些增补调整，增加一些原文中所没有的但一定要在语言结构上、语义上、修辞上是必需的、不可缺少的词、词组甚至句子。 省略译法翻译时需要减少一些原文在语言结构上、语义上、修辞上是多余的、不必要的、累赘或罗嗦的词、词组甚至句子。,增补与省略是一种常用的翻译技巧，也称为增减词译法。,比如：What kind of money do girls like the most ? Matrimony（婚姻生活）. 若译作： “姑娘们喜欢什么样的钱？” “婚姻” 运用增补译法进行改译： “姑娘们喜欢什么样的钱，美元还是欧元？” “良缘”,不管增词还是减词，其原则是增词不增意，减词不减意。其目

3、的是使译文更加通顺流畅，明白易懂。,增词不增意是增补译法的原则，即所增之词，其意义虽然在原文字面上没有清楚地表现出来，但却隐藏在原文中，而增补译法并未违背忠实原则。,5. 1 增补译法 （Proper Addition in Translation）,翻译形容词时前面可加上一个表示程度的副词如 “比较、非常、十分、实在、相当”等，但这些词并不起强调或加强语气的作用，也没有比较关系，只起缓和或协调语气的作用。,5. 1. 1 译形容词时增加程度副词,例1：The park is beautiful. 【译文】这公园美（很美，非常美，十分美，相当美）。,像这类形容词前加上 “比较、非常、十分” 等

4、词，在讲话、朗读时语气要自然一些，读音不可拖长，音拖长了意思也就改变了。,例2：It is fitting that we should remember him on his birthday. 【译文】我们在他的诞辰之日来纪念他是比较合适的。,例3： suitable 适应比较适应 warm 热情非常热情 lovely 可爱十分可爱 witty 高明实在高明 disgusting 讨厌真是讨厌 satisfied 满意相当满意,在抽象名词后常增加上另一个名词来说明这个抽象名词，如“状态、状况、情况、工作、过程、作用、现象、情绪、方式、方法、技巧、问题、部分、原因、化、方案、系统、部门”等，

5、但要视情况而定。,5. 1. 2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词,例1：It is enough to shatter(打碎) his complacency (自满). 【译文】这足以打破他的自满情绪。,例2： stillness 静止静止状态 confusion 混乱混乱局面 measurement 测量测量方法 purification 净化净化过程 repetition 重复重复现象 management 管理管理方式 calculation 计算计算方法 accommodation 住宿住宿问题 joint 连接连接部分 preparation 准备准备工作 remedies 补救补救措施

6、 modification 修改修改方案,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个名词，两个名词互相解释。,5. 1. 3 译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词,例1：Use your intelligence, and youre sure to achieve something. 【译文】发挥你的聪明才智, 你一定能取得成就。,例2： zealousness 热情热情大方 thought 思想思想意识 morality 道德道德品质 pride 骄傲骄傲自大 tediousness 枯燥枯燥无味 contemptibility 卑鄙卑鄙无耻 silence 沉默沉默寡言 le

7、isure 闲情闲情逸致 calmness 坦然坦然自若 cautiousness 谨慎谨慎小心,例1：We admire him for the way in which he faces his difficulties. 【译文】我们赞赏他面对各种困难的做法。,5. 1. 4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的词。这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。,例2： activities 活动各种活动 problems 问题这些问题 books 书籍各类书籍 sizes 尺寸不同尺寸 conte

8、nts 内容各项内容 targets 指标各个指标 circumstances 情况种种情况,原文为使语言简洁，避免重复而省掉了一个或几个词、词组。汉译时补译出原文所省略之词，会使译文意思清楚明确、生动有力，具有行文优美、结构完整之感。,5. 1. 5 补译省略部分,例1：Besides food and blankets(毛毯), they had mules, picks(锄头) and pans. 【译文】除了带着食物和毯子之外，他们还牵着骡子，扛着锄头，带着淘盘。,例2：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writ

9、ing an exact man. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 【译文】读书可以培养一个完美的人，说话可以训练一个敏捷的人，而写作可以造就一个准确的人。,例3：The Chinese people still keep their traditional way to celebrate the Spring Festival; a whole family gathering on New Years Eve make dumplings and fire crackers. 【译文】中国人仍以传统的方式迎新春，除夕之夜全家人聚在一起包饺子、放鞭炮。,例4：The

10、 three burglaries, three purse snatchings, one mugging, one robbery at knifepoint and one pocket-picking I have experienced since 1959 didnt cost me much in money. 【译文】自1959年以来，我被盗三次，被抢钱包三次，被拦路打劫一次，被用刀子逼着抢劫一次，被掏包一次，但都没有损失多少钱。,例5：Practically every river has an upper, a middle, and a lower part. 【译文】但

11、凡是河流，都有上游、中游和下游。 例6：We wont retreat; we never have and never will. 【译文】我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。,例7： I had no outlook(观点), but an uplook， because my place in society was at the bottom. 【译文】我没有人生观，倒是有向上爬观，因为我处于社会的底层。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整,1The purposes of his journey were both military and po

12、litical. 【译文】这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。,2Some of the gases in the air are fairly constant(持久不变的) in amount, while others are not. 【译文】空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定，有些就不稳定。,3You may apply in person or by letter. 【译文】你可以本人亲自去申请，也可以寄信去申请。,4Some go only for one year, many for two, but never longer, unless the ship which i

13、s to bring them out cannot reach their base. (W. M. Smith: In the Antarctic) 【译文】有些人在这里呆一年，也有人要呆两年，但绝对不会再久，除非去接他们的船只到不了基地。,原文为了避免重复，常在表达中使用代词来代替前面出现的有关信息，英译汉时可重复补译出代词所代替的信息，这样使前后照应，表达一致。,5. 1. 6 补译替代部分,例1：The moon seemed to sink, a crest(浪尖) reached and lost, and he watched it, catching the shadow o

14、f the window, to try to hold it, but felt it pass. 【译文】月亮像要落了，碰到了一个浪尖被隐没了。他凝视着月亮，用手触摸着窗户的影子，想把它攥住，但却感到月亮从他手指缝里溜走了。,例2：Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. 【译文】知道时间的真正价值，才能争取每一刻，抓住每一刻，享受每一刻。,例4：Water evaporates(蒸发) more rapidly when the temperature is higher than

15、when it is low. 【译文】温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。,例5：Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. 【译文】时间被当作几乎实实在在的东西对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、解释时间是怎么用的；我们还要因为花了时间而埋单。,例6： You cannot build a shi

16、p, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it. 【译文】如果不懂制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造出船舶，盖好房子或者生产出机床。,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整,1Did you enjoy your time in Nanjing？ Yes, I did. 【译文】你在南京过得愉快吗？ 是的，我过得很愉快。,2The errors had been made, bad ones. 【译文】错误已经出了不少， 而且还是很严重的错误。 3I hope

17、that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time. 【译文】希望会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。,5. 1. 7 补译解释说明,英译汉时若按字面译，让人看不明白，甚至误解，增加一些必要的解释性文字，补充说明，表达完整。,例1：They went to Beijing by a Red Flag. 【译文】他们乘坐“红旗”牌轿车去了北京。,例2：His speech was Irish throughout，versatile(多才艺的)，witty(言辞巧妙地) and occasionally poin

18、ted(直截了当的). 【译文】他的演说自始至终都带有爱尔兰人的风格：洋洋洒洒，妙语横生，有时则犀利尖刻。,例3：And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed. 【译文】越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍然是少数。,例4：In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”. 【译文】四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国“乓”的一声又把球打了回来。,课堂互动3： 翻译句

19、子，注意解释说明,2The music of the pearl drifted(飘流) to a whisper and disappeared in rolls. 【译文】珍珠之歌随波荡漾，余音袅袅，后来完全溶入了滚滚波涛。,1Saving money to an individual is what profit is to a business. (What saving money to an individual is what profit is to a business.) 【译文】一个人不能不存钱，就像一个企业不能没有利润效益一样。,3If one had but two

20、heads and neither required sleep! （It would be good if one had not one but two heads and neither required sleep!） 【译文】人要是有两个脑袋，而且两个都不需要休息就好了。,4And he launched into a speech, eloquently (富有表现力的) advocating(宣扬) his army of the future. 【译文】接着他发表了长篇大论，振振有词地把他设想中的未来军队鼓吹了一番。,例1：Good news, friends! 【译文】朋友们

21、，告诉大家一个好消息！,5. 1. 8 根据语气增词,出于行文考虑，英译汉时增加一些汉语的补充成分，使译文明白流畅，这种增词译法实际上是一种结构增词。,例2：What we saw was indeed a new China, a country of well-dressed, clean, healthy, and happy people. 【译文】我们所看到的确实是一个新中国。一个人民体面整洁、身体健康、生活幸福的国家。,例3：Suppose it were so? (=Suppose it were so, what shall we do?) 【译文】假如果真如此，又该怎么办呢？

22、,例4：My dear Copperfield, she is, without any exception, the dearest girl! The way she manages this place, her punctuality(严守时间), domestic(家庭的) knowledge, economy, and order, her cheerfulness(快活), Copperfield! 【译文】我亲爱的科柏菲尔毫无疑问确是最可爱的姑娘！瞧她把这里的一切料理的多好！她生活规律，又精通家务事，节俭持家，做事有条不紊，还整天乐呵呵的，多好的科柏菲尔！,根据上下文、隐义语境

23、的需要，增补语义上、结构上和修辞上所必须的词，这些词可以是动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴性词、概括性词、甚至句子等。,5. 1. 9 根据语境增词,例1：There are teachers in plenty, but the teacher does not exist. 【译文】教师多的是，但真正的好老师却没有。,例2：The speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computer. 【译文】运行速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。,例3：When Hughie came in he f

24、ound Trevor putting the finishing touches (画的高光) to a wonderful life-size(与真人一样大) picture of a beggar-man. (Oscar Wilde: The Model Millionaire) 【译文】修伊一进门就发现特雷弗正在最后润色一幅画。这画有真人那么大，画的是一个乞丐，画得可真好。,例4：Life centered around family, and food 【译文】生活的圈子就是自己的家，生活中主要关心的是如何填饱肚皮。,例5：Only God knows what their fate

25、 will be, but I can guess. 【译文】天晓得他们的命运将如何，可我能猜出几分。,例6：The business of her (Mrs. Bennetts) life was to get her daughters married; its solace(安慰) was visiting and news. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice) 【译文】她（班纳特夫人）生平的大事就是嫁女儿；因此拜客访友和打探消息成了她生平的安慰。,课堂互动4： 翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词,1People in the square melted aw

26、ay. 【译文】广场上的人们渐渐散去了。 2This is the drink of hot weather. 【译文】这是大热天理想的饮料。 3The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious(宽敞), fashionable and without echo. 【译文】这间大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时尚新潮、没有回声。,4He was weak and old. 【译文】他身体衰弱，年纪也大了。 5Mr. Linton was not far behind; he opened the gate himself and sauntered(漫

27、步) slowly up, probably enjoying the lovely afternoon that breathed as soft summer. (Emily Bront: Wuthering Heights) 【译文】林顿先生在后面不远；他自己开了大门，慢慢蹓跶过来，大概是想享受这风和日丽、宛如夏日的午后时光。,如果是无生命名词作主语，可译成状语从句，增词可使译文意思更加清楚，结构更加完整，逻辑关系明确。这类句子汉译时，常用汉语的条件复合句“只要就”，“由于”，“因而”，主语改用“你(们)”“我（们）”等，其谓语动词常用 “make, enable, prevent, l

28、ead to, cause, show, bring about” 等。,5. 1. 10 根据逻辑修辞增词,例1：This medicine will make you feel better. 【译文】你吃了这药就会好些。 例2：With determination, with luck, and with help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes. 【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于重整旗鼓。,例3：Your refusal to come might offend oth

29、ers. 【译文】你如果不来就会得罪人。 例4：Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 【译文】只要把他们仔细比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子，注意逻辑修辞,1Illness prevented him from doing his work. 【译文】他因病不能工作。 2Possessing high conductivity(传导性) of heat and electricity, aluminum(铝) finds wide application in industry. 【译文】由于

30、铝具有良好的导热性及导电性，所以在工业上获得了广泛应用。,4The rapid expansion of industrialization throughout the world must lead to a progressive exhaustion of natural resources. 【译文】由于工业化在全世界迅速发展，自然资源必然逐步趋向枯竭。,3The Curies discovery brought about a revolution in the understanding of a structure of matter. 【译文】由于居里夫妇的发现，人类对物质结

31、构的认识发生了一次革命。,任何语言都要求在表达上尽可能地做到简练明确，能用三个字表示的意思绝不用五个字，一句话能说明白的绝不说两句 。减词译法是英汉翻译中一种常用的、重要的、坚持语言“经济原则”的翻译方法和技巧。,5. 2 省略译法 （Proper Omission in Translation）,减词译法又叫省略译法，即我们通常所说的“长话短说”。在具体操作上要注意所省去的词不是随心所欲任意而省的，一定要符合修辞上、语义上、语言结构上的需要。省略后既不影响原文的思想内容，又流畅自然，简明洗炼。英语中，经常使用的词如冠词、连词(并列连词和从属连词)、代词（人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等，在汉

32、语中很少出现，要使译文地道忠实，就要省去不译。,不定冠词 (a/an) 最基本的意义是“一”，表示数字概念时，不能省略，但用于引申意义表示类别，或用在固定短语中，可省略不译。定冠词 (the) 用在表示方位的名词前，或形容词（形容词最高级）、专有名词之前，特别是用在固定短语或词组中时，常常省略不译。,7. 2. 1 冠词的省译,例1：A square has four angles. 【译文】正方形有四个角。 例2：A dictionary is a good teacher. 【译文】辞典是良师。 例3：It must be morning now, because the birds ar

33、e singing. 【译文】一定是天亮了，因为鸟儿在歌唱。,人称代词we, you，及不定代词one，ones在句中含有泛指的意思时，常可省略不译；it在句中（引导主语、宾语、或强调句中）作为引导词时，没有实际意义，可省译；作宾语或同位语用的反身代词，常可省略不译；作定语用的物主代词，常可省略不译，这样其关系更为明确一些。,5. 2. 2 代词的省译,例1：One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 【译文】必须勤学苦练, 才能精通一门外语。 例2：He covere

34、d his face with his hand as if to protect his eyes. 【译文】他用手蒙住脸，好像去保护眼睛。,例3：Order is order, we cannot complain, we cannot bargain, we cannot question and we cannot suggest changes. 【译文】命令就是命令，不得抱怨，不得讨价还价，不得质疑，也不得建议修改。 例4：John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, his trousers and hi

35、s shoes, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 【译文】清晨约翰起得很早。他穿上夹克、裤子和鞋子，就坐在书桌旁开始做作业。,课堂互动6：翻译下列句子，注意冠词、代词的省译,1By analysis, we mean analyzing the contradictions(矛盾) in things. 【译文】所谓分析, 就是分析事物的矛盾。 2I am not a poet; I could not write a single line to depict(描绘) its beauty. 【译文】我不是诗人，我连用一行

36、诗句来描绘它的美丽都做不到。,3But its the way I am, and try as I might; I havent been able to change it. 【译文】可我就是这个脾气，虽几经努力，却始终未能改变过来。 4Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private school, and our daughter, who is four, wont go to school until next year. 【译文】我们的儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书，女儿四岁，明年才上学。,英语中词与词、短语与短语、句子

37、与句子之间的关系都是用连词把它们连接起来的，所以连词用得较多。汉语则不然，句子结构一般都是按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列的，连词用得较少，在英汉翻译中连词大多可省略不译。,5. 2. 3 连词的省译,例2：No man can be brave who considers pain the greatest evil of life; or temperate(有节制的), who regards pleasure as the highest good. 【译文】把痛苦视为生活最大不幸的人不可能英勇无畏；把欢乐当作生活最高追求的人不会自我节制。,例1：Then I thanked my host

38、and walked down the broad lawn, back to the meadow(草地) and the sparkling brook(小溪), where I lay on the grass and fell into a sweet sleep. 【译文】于是我向主人道了谢，走了出来，沿着宽阔的草坪，来到了河边草地，在水波闪亮的小溪边，躺在草上，进入了甜蜜的梦乡。,例3：If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 【译文】冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,例4：When at last he stood against the wa

39、ll, he turned to his little sister and looked at her sorrowfully. 【译文】最后他面冲墙站着，转过身来，忧郁的看着他的妹妹。,例1：We take this opportunity to inform you that we can now make prompt(即时的) shipment of the merchandise(商品). 【译文】兹奉告，该商品可即期装运。 例2：If you have any other questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. 【译文】如

40、有其它需要，请即告知。,5. 2. 4 短语或句子的省译,例4：On condition that you sign this receipt, I will pay the money. 【译文】你先签收了，我就付款。,例5：I regret I am not in a position to help you. 【译文】很遗憾，我不能帮你的忙。 例6：Part-time waiter applicants who had worked at a similar job would receive preference over those who had not. 【译文】应聘兼职服务员者

41、，有相关工作经验的优先录用。,课堂互动7: 翻译句子，注意省译,1As the temperature increases，the volume of water becomes greater. 【译文】温度升高, 水的体积就增大。 2When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle they are reflected. 【译文】短波发送出去后, 遇到障碍就反射回来。,3I was in the bath, with the result that I didnt hear the telephone. 【译文】那时我正在洗澡，没有听到电话铃响。 4We must