初中英语语法（动词不定式）

1、初中英语语法（动词不定式）1不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外， 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in

2、 Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separ

3、ated more than 40 years ago2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review2.It is not difficult for those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如care

4、less，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree

5、， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me th

6、e way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard初中英语语法总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You

7、can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.动词不定式作宾语后面能接不定式作宾语的动词

8、有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。 We hope to get there before dark. 我们希望天黑以前到那儿。 The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同： remember to do 记住要做某事 remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 forget to do忘记要做某事 forget doing

9、忘记曾经做过某事 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere before. 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.离开时请记得关好灯。 2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。如：He found it very difficu

10、lt to get to sleep. 他发现很难入睡。动词不定式作宾语补足语 1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。I want both of you to go. 我要你们俩去。 We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我们帮助她修理自行车。2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to

11、的不定式作宾补。 Lets have a rest. 我们休息一会吧。 I saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。 I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事） I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)：1.To see is to believe.2.To work means to ear

12、n a living另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用；例如：1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定

13、式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.There was really nothing to fear 2.He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Mary needs a friend to play with2.That girl has nothing to worry about3.They have a strict teacher to listen to4.Although the film had been on for

14、 ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse

15、， inclination，wish等。例如：1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her2.I have no wish to quarrel with you3. Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the are

16、a2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area3.He was lucky to arrive before dark4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。如：1)My dogs name is “Lucky”a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.2)On Monday h

17、e told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 作目的状语：1.She raised her voice to be heared better2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置

18、于句首时常表示强调。如：1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.(p.93)2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. (p.50)to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用to do /

19、 in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。作结果状语：1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone4

20、.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone.结果状语，多见于“too.to”，“enough to.”结构句中。如：1)Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do?(p.28)2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.(p.56)有些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap, dangerous, di

21、fficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。. the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.(p.116)这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如：1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.(p.50)2)To begin with, she sp

22、oke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. (p.6)不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在cancould， /maymight，willwould，shallshould，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，ma

23、ke等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.I often heard him say that he would study hard2.I must have him see his own mistakes但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带

24、to的不定式。例如：1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，maymight as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如： 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight2.She could not but(不得不) criticize his foolish behaviour.5) 在make do，make

25、believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：1.They let go off the rope他们松开了绳子。2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.Ive heard tell of him我听说过他。4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students由于生源不足，一些教职员工被

26、解雇了。6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能”。例如：1.He will do anything except work on the farm2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in4.I had no choice but

27、 to wait till it stopped raining下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动

28、词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you dont understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science不定式的完成式和进行式1)构成完成式：to+ have done进行式：to+ be doing2)用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式

29、就要用其完成式。进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America3.When you called me last night， I happened to be working on the computer不定式的被动形式当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一

30、般式和完成式。例如：1.For twelve years， Spanish censorship did not allow Lorcas name to be mentioned and his work to be published2.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain用主动表被动的情况：1、句中存在名词或代词可以作为不定式的逻辑主语，构成逻辑上的主谓关系 例：Mr.Bird gave the dog a few bones to eat. 这里是dog eat bone，也就是说是狗作为不定式中“吃”这个动

31、作的主语，所以，可以用主动表被动. 如果不具有这种结构，则仍需要用被动 例：The news reporter raised a few questions to be answered. 记者提了几个问题有待回答。（这里问题是由别人回答，而句中未出现具体有谁回答，也就是“answer”这个动词没有出现具体主语，所以要用被动）2、在“形容词+不定式”的结构中，如果不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，用主动表被动 例：The plane is dangerous to fly. 这架飞机开起来很危险 句中是“开” “飞机”，不定式中的动词fly与主语“plane”构成动词与宾语的关系3、在th

32、ere be结构中，用不定式主动表被动 例：There is always much housework to do in the house. 这里用to do而非to be done，一定要记住4、在特定句子中要用主动表被动例： 1） The house is to let. 这房子待出租。（用to let ,而非to be let） 2）He is not to blame. 他不该被责备。6不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again2.Please remember not to leave the l

33、ights on when you are outFind 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.七、动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语

34、、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如：1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allo

35、w teenagers to study in groups during the evening. (p.22)2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live.(p.120)八、带疑问词的不定式短语动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：1.用作句子的成分。1)I dont know what to try next. (p.49)(作宾语)2)Where to

36、 go is not decided yet.(作主语)2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)九、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.(p.8)2.His parents te

37、ll him never to drive after drinking.典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so ma

38、ny people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you

39、 to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。).其它用法:1. 小品词to 的回避与复出许多动词如teach，ask （要；让），tell，beg 等后常有带to的动词不定式作宾补；但let，have，make （让；使），feel，hear 等后作宾补的不定式结构，to 要回避。但在被动语态里to须“重出江湖”；help 后作宾补的不定式可加to

40、，也可省略to.例如：The policeman made the young woman move her car.The young woman was made to move her car by the policeman.提示 对不定式进行否定可在其前加not.如：let sb not do sth； tell sb not to do sth. 把直接引语为祈使句的句子变为间接引语，直接引语一般转换成不定式作宾补。例如：The policeman said. “Dont play football in the street，children！”The policeman ask

41、ed the children not to play football in the street.2. 不定式be to do sth可表将来be to do sth 表将来，意为“将要做某事”。例如：Our train is to leave at eight.3. 用在know,choose,decide等动词后“疑问词+不定式”“疑问词+不定式”结构中的疑问词包括疑问代词which， who （m）， what 和疑问副词how， when， where 等，并常简化相应的从句，但当主句与从句的主语不一致时，不定式常用被动形式。例如：I cant decide which one t

42、o buy.The little girl wanted to know when to be taken to Pairs by her father.一、动词不定式作主语1. Its our duty _ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans (甘肃省)2. Its hard for us _ English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。It will _ the workers over

43、 a year _ _ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)4. Its very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省)Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B简析动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to

44、 do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质；句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。二、动词不定式作宾语1. He wants _ some vegetables.A. buy B. buyin

45、g C. to buy D. buys (山西省)2. Dont forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)3. He found it very difficult _.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D简析在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， s

46、eem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese

47、 friends _ Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)Key： 1. B 2. C简析不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。四、动词不定式作状语1. She went _ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well.A. lear

48、n B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)Key： 1. A 2. C简析go， come， try， do / try ones best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。3. Im sorry _ that.A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)4. Im sorry _ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)5. My mother was very glad _ her old friend.A

49、. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A简析be +形容词+ to do sth结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。6. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldnt skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)T

50、he ice on the lake wasnt _ enough _ people _ _ _. (广东省)Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on简析在上述too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do(太而不能)和enough (for sb) to do(足以、足够做)结构中，不定式作结果状语。五、动词不定式作定语1. Would you like something _?A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)2. I have a lot of hom

51、ework _.A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)3. He is not an easy man _.A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D简析不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系；如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。六、不带to的动词不定式1. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs.A. t

52、o enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)2. So much work usually makes them _ very tired.A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)3. Your father is sleeping. Youd better _.A. not wake up him B. not to wake up himC. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省)4. I was made _ my homework in the

53、afternoon.A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省)Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C简析1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在had better后面接不带to的不定式。七、动词不定式的否定形式1. Mr Black asked the man _ the queue.A. not to jump B. to not jumpC. didnt jump D. not

54、jump (广西壮族自治区)2. The old man told the child _ noisy.A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)3. There is going to _ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try _ late.A. have， not to be B. have， not beC. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区)Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C简析动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如

55、果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别1. Please stop _ a rest if you feel tired.A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)2. Why didnt you buy some bread on your way home?Sorry, I forgot _ some money with me.A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)3. Lets have a rest, shall we?Not now, I cant stop _ the letters.A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to