从文化角度看中西菜肴命名的差异

1、On Differences between Chinese and Western Naming Dishes from the Perspective of Culture Student: Chen Jian, Class60801, English Department Supervisor: Zhu Jun, English Department, College of Foreign Language, Yangtze UniversityABSTRCT Because of the diversified natural environments and products, th

2、at make the difference of the East and different cultures, and Chinese and Western restaurants are gradually developing in their own way. Food and drink culture play an remarkable role in the national culture.The names of the little dishes represent more than the products that looked exquisite and t

3、asted delicious but the meaning that reflects the nations unique cultural heritage and tradition.The traditional Western culture is a combination of livestock culture and marine culture, whereas the China culture is a combination of farming culture and land culture.These two different species of cul

4、ture reflect the differences that the way people live and produce , among those diet is the most representative area, from culture named using of vocabulary to catch a glimpse of . two species diet culture of difference main performance in raw materials type, and cooking method, and dining way, and

5、dish type named, four a area.Through comparison of Western dishes in this article name, to Western ideas and habits of thinking in terms of different analysis of their deep cultural connotation behind to explore the concept of Western culture differences. By understanding western dishes name and nam

6、e it causes, people can better understand not in the Western culture, and has better performance in cross-culture communication.Key words:Chinese and Western culture, repast culture, dish named, cultural idea differences.contents1. Introduction4 2. Literature review6 2.1 Diet62.1.1 Definition62.1.2

7、Origin62.1.3 Functions62.2 Culture62.2.1 Definitions of culture72.2.2 Philosophical foundation of Chinese culture82.2.3 Philosophical foundation of western culture92.2.4 Cross-culture and cross-cultural communication93.Naming differences of dishes between China and western countries93.1 Structural d

8、ifferences93.1.1Arrangement of menu103.1.2The complexity of cooking dishes10 3.1.3 Content.of. dishes.103.2Cultural differences.11 3.2.1Difference in attitudes to diet.11 3.2.2Differences in Chinese and Western food content.12 3.2.3Differences in the way of having meals.12 3.2.4Differences in cookin

9、g methods.13 3.2.5Difference in dining etiquette.13 3.2.6Difference in dining utensils.144. Different cultural notions reflected in naming dishes.144.1 Different ideas towards food in China and western countries154.2 Naming of Chinese and western dishes164.3Cultural difference reflected in naming di

10、shes164.4Views and suggestions on Chinese and Western Dietetic Culture175. Conclusion17Bibliography 19Acknowledgement .21Appendix (Translation). 231 Introduction There is a Chinese old saying: Bread comes first. As a result, One size fits all. The national culture is occupied with the diet of the vi

11、sible. Thus the wonderful food culture is derived from the various nations of the world. Chinese food and delicacies have a cultural heritage of more than 5,000 years and is not only a treasure to the Chinese culture, but the world food culture. Western dishes have had different cultural factors bec

12、ause of the more frequent develop and exchanges of different cultures. Especially after China opened its doors, many foreign visitors spread the Chinese cuisine around the world. Similarly, due to the increase in foreign culture, it is not uncommon to find western restaurants. It can be difficult to

13、 determine differences between the two: Dishes with freehand and realism, and Western Dishes. The name of the western dish is seen. The name of the Chinese dish is to describe a mood.For exampleJue Ju：“liang ge huang li ming cui liu，yi hang bai lu shang qing tian。”This dish causes great imagination.

14、 It is made of: two egg yolks, string vegetables, cooked chicken cut up in small pieces and put in a row, more vegetables on top and a bowl of soup with four eggshells. Of course, this is just the description. However, this also explains why if a dish name is too flashy, customers may feel cheated.

15、The western dish pays attention to the beauty and is very practical. Chinese cuisine pays attention to color, smell, taste and shape. The ancient Chinese imperial banquets, such as the feast of the dragon and phoenix, Tong flowers Turui and the story of Qiu Aoshuang are like painting a poem in not o

16、nly nice and elegant ways, but by having good luck, metaphors, and rhetoric.In addition, some of the cultural allusions are often used in the dish, so this dish name turns out to be focused on the culmination of the chinese culture. Chinese dishes pay attention to the spices and taste, while Western

17、 dishes pay attention to ingredients and cooking methods. In chinese culture both rich and poor people create complicated beauty.Modern society has made the simple and natural athletic beauty more efficient and common. However, both Chinese and Western dishes still have their own focus. Dishes such

18、as sweet and sour pork, hot and sour potatoes, and creamy milk cake put emphasis on spices and taste.In comparison, the name of Western dishes puts emphasis on the ingredients and cooking methods such as chicken salad is a relatively simple dish with Blue cheese. This means that is easy to have cont

19、radictions on the menu or that it is safe to choose any cultural phenomenon due to cultural essence. The mode of thinking in the above dishes, in fact, represents two different kinds of dishes, even though similar names. This is different from the cultural model of the Chinese way of thinking, such

20、as lenovo.This dish has a strong name in the conventional thinking of the Chinese culture and focuses on how to view things and the imagery is to create a metaphor of truth. Western culture has an abstract mode of thinking, everything to pay attention to rigorous management, while the other aspects

21、of pragmatism in the Western name of the dish is also reflected in Western culture. For them, dining is one of the basic needs for survival. in Chinese food culture, it is more romantic. Since “western countries” is a phrase with broad meaning, what to be discussed in the thesis has to be narrowed d

22、own. The author mainly involves such countries as United Kingdom, Germany, France and United States of America in the scope of western countries. As for Chinese culture or customs, the author mainly focuses on the culture of the Han nationality. 2 Literature review2.1Diet2.1.1DefinitionDiet culture

23、is a broad concept of social, human survival, first of all, to meet the needs of food and drink. What people eat, what to eat and drink, eat and drink, eat and drink effects, the purpose of the concept of eating and drinking, and eat and drink and taste, etiquette of eating and drinking, eating, and

24、 are part of food culture areas, throughout the course of human development as a whole, permeating the whole process of business activity and diet, all aspects reflected in all aspects of human activity.2.1.2Functions meeting physiological needs; meeting the psychological needs (keep a good mental s

25、tate, so that you have a sense, makes you feel self-worth, makes you feel good brings happiness);（语言错误严重，看不懂） cultural features.（这与functions有关吗？）2.1.3Influential factors family factors: including cultural traditions, food supply, living conditions and concepts, population, food production, and relig

26、ion; personal factors: including educational background, values, life experiences, career (strata) and way of life, economic conditions, the mood; environmental factors, including political and economic globalization, mobility and cultural exchange, and reference objects and groups belong, business

27、promotions and fashion trends, popularization of knowledge of nutrition, sanitation, health, and public attention to the issues of food security, and consumer environments.2.2Culture2.2.1Definitions of CultureCulture has come into being since the emergence of human beings. With the development of hu

28、man civilization, people have got different definitions of culture. For example, Hall (1990) believes that “culture is communication and communication is culture”. Hofstede (1991) thinks culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or society form th

29、ose of another. Generally speaking, therere two kinds of understanding of culture from narrow sense and wide sense. According to Samovar and Porter (1997), the wide sense of culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion

30、, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Sir Edward B. Tylors（1871） definition of culture in narrow sense says culture is the complex w

31、hole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a member of society.2.2.2Philosophical foundation of Chinese culture Different philosophies and ideologies between China and western countries have crucial effect on formin

32、g different cultures like values, thinking modes, national characters, and intercommunication behaviors.Chinese culture is established on the basis of the influence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, which are the most influential philosophies in China. These three philosophies are always playing

33、 essential roles in understanding Chinese culture and have a significant impact on Chinese peoples preference of digestion and subaudition as well as the pursuit of being implicit (戴春花, 2009). And among the three philosophies, Confucianism is a school of moral philosophy which has dominated in China

34、 for thousands of years. The core part of Confucianism is about moral virtues and the most important moral concept in Confucianism is Ren which is similar to “love”, “humanity”, “benevolence”, etc. Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its fundamental virtue. This virt

35、ue is the central theme of his Analects. As a moral and ethical system, Ren focuses on human relations that are hierarchical and differentiated. In this way, Confucius created his version of humanism. Based on Ren, Confucius objected to the enormous powers that confused the human spirit. He took a s

36、keptical and indifferent view of religion and further developed his humanistic ideas. In addition, Confucius concept of Li refers to a set of ritual and musical systems, with the hierarchical system its core. Ren and Li are complementary: Li is the exterior principle of Ren, while Ren is the intrins

37、ic guiding power of Li (朱心怡, 2007：57). To accomplish Ren, one must abide by Li, while Ren will be naturally generated in the process of practicing Li.Confucianism is such a moral standard to evaluate peoples behaviors and virtues, including humanity, manners, honesty, loyalty, tolerance and filial p

38、iety. And Chinas main philosophy emphasizes overall image, ambiguity, feelings, understanding, unity and harmony between man and nature (刘仲林, 2003：78). Affected by these ideas, Chinese people have developed the characteristics of comprehensive understanding, self-control (in order to benefit others)

39、, reliance on social relationship and collectivity.2.2.3 Philosophical foundation of Western cultureWestern culture is established on the basis of the civilization of ancient Greece. The philosophy background of Europe and the United States is the strict logical analysis of Aristotle as well as the

40、rationalism pervaded in Europe from the later 16th century to 18th century (戴春花, 2009). For Aristotle, logic is the instrument by means of which people come to know things. He proposed the basic principles of the categorical logic for correct reasoning. This system of thought regards assertions of t

41、he subject-predicate form as the primary expressions of truth, in which features or properties are shown to inhere in individual substances. Aristotle aims to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology that would serve equally well as the procedure for learn

42、ing about any discipline. His theory of logic has a great influence on the thinking mode of westerners.Rationalism is a view that reason aided by observation should serve preeminently as the ground of all judgments. In the context of philosophy, it is often contrasted with empiricism, which holds th

43、at knowledge can only be derived from observation and by experience. Outside the context of philosophy, rationalism stands in contrast to romanticism which prefers emotion over reason, and authoritarianism which believes that judgments should be grounded according to the opinions of the powerful or

44、influential people or organizations. Rationalism emphasizes logic, evidence and scientific tests, and tends to make argument in a strict logic form.In addition, the Renaissance has also affected peoples thoughts. Renaissance is the first liberation movement of ideology in Europe. It promotes humanis

45、m with human its core. Renaissance pays attention to human nature and calls for the liberation of human nature restricted by religion (Cassirer, 1942：319). It has a great impact on ideology liberation as well as science and culture development. The second liberation movement of ideology is the Enlig

46、htenment, which insists on abolishing the majesty, and the nobles privilege together with hierarchy system. Besides, it seeks rational thinking, democratic politics, equal rights and personal freedom.2.2.4Cross-culture and cross-cultural communication Cross-culture involves the different cultures of

47、 two or more societies, and the study of cross-culture mainly focuses on the comparison of the different cultures from different countries. As American anthropologist Edward C. Stewart points out that “cross-cultural” normally refers to any comparison of cultural differences or situations in which s

48、uch differences exist. Therefore, cultural differences are the key subject in cross-cultural study. Meanwhile, cross-culture is studied in the process of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication was raised by American anthropologist Edward Hall in 1950s. It refers to intercommunica

49、tion between or among different individuals, groups or organizations from different culture backgrounds. Hall has brought the concept of “high context culture” and “low context culture” and begun to study cross-cultural communication since 1950s. Geert Hofstede (1991) has also done research on cultu

50、ral dimensions in his works. Chinese scholars started to work on this subject in 1980s.3 Differences of Naming Dishes between China and Western Countries3.1Structural differences3.1,1 Arrangement of Menu Chinese diet menu arrangement generally divided into four parts of cold dishes, hot dishes, soup

51、, and Western menu divided into appetizers, soups, vegetables, vice seven parts. As follows: Arrangement of the Chinese diet menu Arrangement of Western diet menu- Cold dishes - appetizers - Hot dishes - soups - Soup-starters - starters - Staple foods and snacks - the main courses - Salads - Dessert

52、s - Coffee, tea 3.1.2The complexity of cooking dishes Western emphasis on nutrition, cooking methods menu is relatively simple, the general use of steamed, boiled, fried, baked, stewed and other methods. Chinese food pay attention to color, smell, taste, shape, meaning are all good, cooking method i

53、s complex, at least as much as 50, includes nine basic cooking method: boiling, simmering, stewing, Braising, frying, baking, steaming, smoking, scalding. Only frying can be subdivided: pan-frying, stir-frying, quick-frying, frying and simmering, twice-cooked stir-frying, dry deep-frying, soft deep-

54、frying, crisp deep-frying.And its processing method is quite detailed.3.1.3Content of dishes Western menu simply lists the dishes, then mark the main, accessories and incidental ingredients when cooking and eating, giving the feeling of simple and practical. Variety of Chinese food dishes and Staple

55、s, the menu name is also extremely rich. Names of the dishes is very careful, realistic approach of realism, romanticism and Impressionism style; contains a profound historical and cultural background, and delight full of folklore and local customs. Often used allusions, metaphors, hyperbole, symbolized in various ways, such as making Chinese food dishes are wonderful beautiful, lifelike, the pursuit of sound-United States, the United States, the United States, emphasizes Geely, festive, some materials and practices cannot be reflected in t