定语从句的基本用法

1、定语从句的基本用法1清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供A good student A developing countryA developed countryA 5-star friendA man named ChuckA language widely used定语从句：修饰 某一名词或代词 的主 谓 结构(完整的基本句子结构-五种句型)。 （主句之中） 先行词 关系词+其它成分在定语从句中必须担当一个成分。定语从句中缺啥就补啥定语从句(The Attributive Clause)(一)

2、定语从句及其作用定从定义说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子。定从作用在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词之后。先行词被定语从句所修饰的词关系词用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。关系词作用1) 引导定语从句。 2)代替先行词。 3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。 公式：主句（先行词）+ 定语从句（关联词+从句的其他成分）关系词分类关系代词：which that who whom whose 关系副词：when where why(二) 关系代词的作用1. 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词

3、。先行词是物： which that 先行词是人： who that 2. 关系代词的用法在从句中的句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句先行词代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语Who(m)which that定语whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)表语who(m), whosewhich, whosethat 由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。 e.g. This is the man who helped me. The doctor (whom) y

4、ou are looking for is in the room. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? 在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。 e.g. The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor. The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother. 3. 关系代词的具体用法及作用1).who指人，在从句中做主语。 如：The boys who are playing

5、 football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2). whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。如：Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如：The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3). which

6、指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4). that指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省。 如：The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. Where is the man that/whom I saw thi

7、s morning?5). whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 如：He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize. The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xian. The book

8、is not mine. / The cover of it is red. I live in the room. / The windows of it face south. The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken. Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点： whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。 如：Thats the child whose father is an engineer. whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。 如：Mr King, whose legs were

9、 badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital. I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease. whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。 如：The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident. Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine. whose的先行

10、词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+名词=the +名词 +of which 如：He lives in the room whose window( the window of which) faces south.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.the door of which The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is y

11、ellow? Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?(三) 在下列情况下只用that，不用which 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时，something两者均可。如：There is nothing (that) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday. Is there anything that I can do for you? 先行词被all, any, ev

12、ery, no, some, little, much，few，one of 等词修饰时， 如：I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. 先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词最高级修饰时， 如：The first thing that we should do is to help him. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. She is the most c

13、areful girl that Ive ever known.先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时， 如：The white flower is the only one (that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find. The last place (that) we visited was the hospital. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. Thats the very

14、tool that we are looking for. 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导 (that既可指人也可指物) 如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. They talked about the things and friends that they could remember. 当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Wh

15、ich of us that knows anything does not know this?Who is the man that is standing over there? Which is the tool that you are looking for?What did you hear that made you so angry? 当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时如：China isnt the country that she used to be 50 years ago. He is no longer the man that he use

16、d to be.Its a book that will help you a great deal. The village is no longer the one that it used to be. 当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be结构中作实际主语，且先行词为物如：There is a seat in the corner that is still free. There are two tickets of the film that are for you. 当先行词是基数词时如：Yesterday I caught two fish and p

17、ut them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.(四). 在下列情况下只用who(m)，而不用that： 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who. 如：Do you know the man who spoke just now? The doctor who treated me was very experienced. 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, all,anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词

18、时。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question? All who heard the news were excited.He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go. 先行词为those和people时多用who。 如：Those who want to go

19、 please sign their names here. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. 在非限制性定语从句中作主语必须用who，作宾语须用whom。 如：Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard. Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term. 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：A new master w

20、ill come tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America. 在以there b

21、e开头的句子中多用who. 如：There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。 如：She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is studies very hard. The student that won the first prize is the monitor w

22、ho works hard.当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。 如：He that promises too much means nothing. 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰,尤其是被一些指物的名词修饰时。如：Do you know the writer in blue with

23、 thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?Theres only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。如：Jackson is a man who I believe is honest. He won another award, which I think is the r

24、esult of his hard work. （五）关系副词关系副词：关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。如：October 1，1949 was the day when（=on the day） the Peoples Republic of China was founded.We will visit the house where (=in the house) Lu Xun was born.Who can tell me the reason why (=for the reason) Tom was absent today?1. when指时间，在定语从

25、句中做时间状语当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可用介词which来代替:e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.He still remembers the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.He still remember the morning when/ on

26、 which the earthquake happened.I still remember the day when I first came to the school. The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可用介词which来代替:e.g. This is the house. / He used to live in the house. This is the house where/ in which he us

27、ed to live.I know of a place. / We can swim in that place. I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.Is there any shop around? / I can buy a pen in the shop.Is there any shop around where/ in which I can buy a pen.Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has b

28、een pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语先行词是表原因的名词,即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可用forwhich来代替:e.g. I dont know the reason. / He did it for this reason. I dont know the reason why/ for which he did it.The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it. The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear.

29、 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.G

30、reat changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 注意点：当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ thate.g. A.the one B. where C. which D. thatThis is the date _ were proud of. This is the date _ he was born.I will never forget the time _ we spent together. I will never forget

31、 the time _ we lived in the village together. This is the factory _ my mother works. This is the factory _ we visited last week. Is this factory you visit last week? I dont believe the reason _ he gave for his decision.Another reason _ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of

32、 others. （六）“介词+关系词”的用法1、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which 或 whom。如：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which

33、you asked.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.2、关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+whi

34、ch, why=for+which如：I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born.This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.I dont know the reason why (for which) he hasnt come today.Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin. 注意：1). 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如

35、：look for, look after, take care of等如：This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2). 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose如：The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man who/that you talked with is my frie

36、nd. (F) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3).“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词如：He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quit

37、e many apples, some ofwhich have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.4). 把握“介词关系代词”结构中介词的选用介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。如：That”s the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 Yuan.（七）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：This is the house whic

38、h we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）1、限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；e.g.He is reading a book which is too difficult for him. Here is the boy who damaged the glass. T he teacher told me that Tom

39、 was the only person that I could depend on.China is a country which has a long history.2、非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。e.g. The book is written by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 years old. Bobs father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt. Shanghai, which is developing

40、fast, has become one of worlds trade center.His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.非限制性定语从句的特点： 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g. She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well. 关系代词不能省略。当先行词是专有名词或

41、物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休，他曾是我老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的房带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。非限制性定从还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动

42、词要用第三人称单数，如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。要注意区分以下几个句子的不同His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）His brother, who is now a

43、 doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）3、只用which的情况1) 在非限制性定语从句，充当主语或定语 e.g. They have three houses, which are built of stone.2) which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad. He lost his job finally, which was exa

44、ctly what we wanted. 3) 当关系代词前有介词时e.g. This is the factory in which we once worked. We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.4) 当先行词本身是that时 e.g. Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?5) 当关系代词后面带有插入语时e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help imp

45、rove your English.Ive bought you some books which I think may interest you.(八) 关系代词as的用法及其与which的区别。1、关系代词as的用法1）关系代词as在定语从句中指代整件事，充当句中的主语或者宾语，经常和the same, such, so, as一起搭配使用，共同构成一个固定词组。eg. She has the same book as you have. Dont believe in such men as praise you to your face.I never give my student

46、s so difficult a question as no one can work out.This is not such a book as I expected. I live in the same building as he (lives in). Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. As many children as came here were my fathers pupils. A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He

47、 spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 另需注意：This book is written in such easy English

48、 as beginners can understand.（定语从句） This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（结果状语从句） the samethat和the sameas的区别：表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的

49、手表是同一块）This is the same book as you bought yesterday. (比较：This is the same book that you bought yesterday.同一本) 2) as 也可用来引导非限制性定从，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），它的位置可放在句首、句中和句尾。e.g. He is an American, as/which we know from his accent. As we know from his accent, he is an American. He, as we know from his accent,

50、is an American. As we all know, he is a famous scientist.As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. As is known to all, the earth is round. Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules. He is a diligent boy, as is expected.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has b

51、een said above. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. Mary was late for school, as often happened. as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中(“正如”惯用搭配): as has been said before 如上所述 as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样 as is well known /As everyone knows, 众所周知 as was expected 正如预料的那样 as has been already pointed o

52、ut 正如已经指出的那样 as we all / I can see 正如我们都会看到的那样 as you may still remember, as you said, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc. 3) 注意： 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Women received the same pay as men. Women received the same pay that men received. 在“the samethat”

53、结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. = This is the same instrument I used yesterday. = This is the instrument I used yesterday. 但在“the sameas”结构中，same和as都不能省略。 当“the samethat”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。 如：He lives in the same

54、 building that I live. = He lives in the same building as / that I live in. Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 2、as, which的比较1）在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用e.g. They failed in the exam, as/which is natural. She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have sa