工程造价工程变更毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

1、中英文资料 工程变更工程变更 中英文资料外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译文献 Highway engineering change reason analysis and cost of the project of influence Abstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, comb

2、ining with engineering practice, this paper discusses the causes and engineeringchange of project cost. Keywords: engineering change, Reason, Cost Due to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering chang

3、e could lead to increase of construction cost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project. Owner of change and the causes of the cost And when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. SanTongYiPing refe

4、rred to in the preceding paragraph, the engineering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractors settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or

5、 reduce the number will reduce cost, but may affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners requirements, and shorten delivery of finished a

6、head of the original contract period, invest more in construction unit 中英文资料 cost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size a

7、nd strength, make cost increase, and the owner to change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and th

8、e owner of the contract specifies unreasonable, can make the cost is increased The design of change and the causes of the cost The design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the original design of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cos

9、t, the depth of the design documents, cannot satisfy the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related

10、departments (e.g., environmental protection, water conservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due

11、 to the two SanShen school system to implement the change that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time del

12、ay, provide, construction, make the cost compensation shutdown caused by increased. Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. Cost The contractor is unable to perform the contract or cant completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of enginee

13、ring cost, can increase by contractor burden loss,the contractor has been approved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the const

14、ruction period, or to reduce the investment of construction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable, optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and thecontractor, mutually benef

15、icial, 中英文资料 According to the contract, the contractor couldnt finish, engineering construction contract extension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract in whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does not make

16、 owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under loss, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor change by

17、 owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add cost the supervisor of change and the causes of the cost Supervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the owner or

18、 expenses directly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engineer in order to coordinate the contractors operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relations of production, easy cause engineering change caused by increased cost. the s

19、ite supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract and the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by lack of

20、rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost. The environment factors and impact on the cost of change Engineering geology unknown or

21、 insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and highway engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some problems

22、existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by exposure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the peoples production and life convenient scheme

23、 adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose house is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost. Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex and difficult to decrease

24、the cost, the change of the effects are 中英文资料 also different. Through the analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, and through the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management system. Based on contr

25、ol cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and social benefit. 公路工程

26、变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响 摘要：公路工程在实施阶段由于设计因素、环境因素等多方面的影响，发生工程变更是较常 见的，文章结合工程实践，探讨工程变更的原因及其对工程造价的影响。 关键词：工程变更；原因；造价影响 由于公路工程项目路线长、工期长、涉及面广，因此在施工中由各种原因引起的工程变 更也不可避免。工程变更可能导致建设费用的增减或工期的延长，在业主和承包商之间会出 现索赔和反索赔，使工程的造价发生变化。 一、业主原因引起变更及其对造价的影响 1、业主改变工程招标时承诺的施工条件。如“三通一平”条件，本工程紧前项目的延 迟完成等，会增加承包方的结算费用，但对总造价影响很 小；2、业主变更

27、项目内容或项目 数量。增加项目内容或者数量，会增加造价；减少或取消项目内容或数量会降低造价，但可 能影响工程的使用功能；3、因业主原 因同承包方签订的协议存在不完整之外，或在标段划 分时出现遗漏内容，会增加合同外造价；4、业主要求提前竣工交付，缩短原合同工期，导 致施工单位投入更多 的人力和物力，使造价增加；5、业主要求提高原设计标准，从安全美 观等角度要求改变工程结构的型式、标高、基线、位置、尺寸、强度等，使造价增加；6、 业 主要求改变已在施工组织设计中被批准的施工方案，使造价增加； 7、业主对原合同中约 定同业主供应的材料或设备的种类或数量进行增减，引起造价增加或减 少；8、业主的指定

28、发包不合理，会使造价增加。 中英文资料 二、设计原因引起变更及其对造价的影响 1、设计采用新标准、新工艺、新技术来替代原有设计，使项目的投入使用更加有利， 并为业主减少工程造价；2、设计文件的深度不能满足相应设计 阶段的有关规定要求而引起 的工程变更，导致造价增加或减少；3、设计单位在初步设计时未能充分考虑原地面的路网 规划和地方政府及相关部门（如环境保护、供 电、供气、水利、通讯、航道等）的要求而 引起的工程变更，主要表现结构形式和尺寸的改变等方面，使造价增加；4、设计人员的错 误或疏漏引起工程变更。由于 “二校三审”制度落实不够导致变更使造价增加；5、设计单 位设计人员之间配合不协调，或公路的附属设施同主体工程的设计不同步，引起工作变更， 使造价增 加；6、 分期交付的设计图纸不能及时提供， 工期延误， 造成施工方停工引起索赔， 使造价增加。 三、承包人原因引起变更及其对造价的影响 1、承包人无法履行或不能完全履行合同，承包人提出采取补救措施的变更，这类变更 不能增加工程造价，由承包人负担损失费用；2、承包人变更投 标时已被批准的施工方案， 这类变更对造价几乎不会产生影响，但可能为承包人节省施工费用；3、承包人为了施工方 便，或为缩短工期，或为减少投入等原因，提 出对施工有利，且更加经济、合理、优化的 设计方案，这类变更如果