产品的全生命周期评估(LCA)课件

1、三、产品的全生命周期评估（LCA),ISO的定义是：对某产品系统全生命周期的输入、输出和潜在环境、能源、经济影响进行评估的过程。 An evaluation process of input/output and environment, energy and economy impact within total product life cycle.,1,PPT学习交流,1、生命周期评估内容与标准,生命周期评价起源于企业内部 LCA的最初应用可追溯到1969年美国可口可乐公司对不同饮料容器的资源消耗和环境释放所作的特征分析。 一些国际著名的跨国企业，如HP、IBM、AT 现已推广到黑龙江、

2、吉林、 辽宁、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山东、江苏、河北四 个省的部分城市 firstly in Henan and Heilongjiang province, now the practice region has developed into a great area including: Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Heilongjiang and Anhui province and other cities in Hubei, Shandong, Jiangsu province.,12,PPT学习交流,GuangXI locates in south China

3、,全区属喀斯特地形,Beautiful scenery,Poor soil,广西壮族自治区 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Near 1/5 land is karst landform in Guangxi,广西位于中国南方,Case study 1： Life Cycle Assessment of Cassava Ethanol Fuel Automobile 案例1：木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估,土地贫瘠,风景优美,13,PPT学习交流,大部分土地不宜种粮食， 但适宜种木薯 Most of the soil is not suitable for ri

4、ce plant, however it is wonderful for the growing of cassava,广西木薯种植区域 The cassava areas in Guangxi territory,木薯：一种生长在浅表土壤层的块茎植物 Cassava: one kind of tuber plant which grows in the surface soil,14,PPT学习交流,木薯：过去苦难的象征； 今后致富的财源。,木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇的好原料；cassava is rich in starch, which is good material to produ

5、ce ethanol 过去制造酒精为了医用，市场很小，农民无法以此为生；ethanol is only for medical use in the past, the market is very limited, the farmer are not able make living from cassava. 酒精进入车用燃料市场，提供了巨大的市场空间；Since ethanol was treated as a fuel, a huge market had appeared. 木薯不与人、畜争夺粮食和饲料，与小麦、玉米为原料的酒精相比，具有强大的竞争力。Since cassava h

6、as no common needs with human or domestic animal for living, it is a better choice to produce ethanol than wheat and maize .,Cassava: the symbolization of poor in the past; the cash tree in the future.,15,PPT学习交流,发展木薯乙醇车用燃料，使广西农民脱贫致富 Making money from developing the cassava ethanol industry 广西政府的战略项

7、目 Guangxi government stratagem program,估计：Estimation 使400万亩土地得到应用，促进GDP的增长，增加地方政府的财政收入；Make use of 26.666 million hectare poor soil, promote the GDP, and increase the local government revenue; 使约150万农民有物可种，脱贫致富 Make sure 150 million farmers have suitable crop to plant, and help them eliminate povert

8、y. 解决约5000人的就业问题 Providing jobs to 5000 unemployed citizens.,16,PPT学习交流,木薯的种植与收获 growing and harvest of cassava 木薯的运输 transportation of cassava 木薯酒精生产 producing of cassava ethanol 酒精的运输 transportation of ethanol 酒精与汽油或柴油的混合 mixture of ethanol, gasoline and diesel 酒精燃料的分配 allocation of ethanol fuel,木

9、薯酒精燃料全生命周期评估 LCA of cassava-ethanol fuel,资源需求 Resource demanding 能源消耗 energy consumption 环境污染 environment pollution,3E,17,PPT学习交流,LCA的第一步 定义、建模 the first step of LCA: Definition, modeling,1）定义目标 Set Objective 以广西生产的木薯为原料，生产车用燃料乙醇（99.5），混配成E10汽油，供中国汽车使用。 Produce the ethanol fuel (99.5%) for vehicle f

10、rom the cassava, then mix it with traditional fuel to provide energy for automobile.,18,PPT学习交流,2 ）建立模型 modeling method,19,PPT学习交流,环境模型的主要假设 The mail assumptions of environment model,忽略混合过程的排放 ignore the discharge during the mixing process 只计算木薯皮中的氢氰酸和丹宁酸 only count the hydrocyanic and tannin 乙醇生产中的

11、固体废物完全处理为DDGS和肥料 the solid wastes are completely turned into DDGS and fertilizer 火车机车和卡车的燃料为柴油 the fuel of locomotives and trucks is diesel,20,PPT学习交流,能量模型的主要假设 The mail assumptions of energy model,包含从种植地到车辆使用燃料周期的能量消耗 including the whole cycle from land plant to the vehicle fuel 忽略原料阶段的能量消耗 ignorin

12、g the energy waste during the raw material period 包含后处理阶段产生的沼气 including the marsh gas in the post-processing stage,21,PPT学习交流,成本模型的主要假设 The mail assumptions of cost model,包含发酵阶段产生的CO2 和后处理阶段产生的DDGS饲料和肥料。Including the CO2, the DDGS and fertilizer which is produced in the post-processing period 和杂醇油及

13、后处理阶段产生的沼气，尽管它们有利润收益。Although we can make profit from the fusel oil and marsh gas, we mix them together,22,PPT学习交流,3）定义边界条件 definition of boundary condition,以年产10万吨燃料乙醇厂为评估单元；set the factory whose output is more than 100 thousand tons as an evaluation unit 从木薯种植起，到E10燃料在车辆发动机中燃烧后从尾气中排出为该产品全生命周期；the

14、product life cycle is from land plant to E10 vehicle fuel to the after burning discharge 所有输入均考虑附带的环境、能源与经济因素，即间接排放污染与间接能耗；all inputs are taken into account with environmental, energy and financial factors, which are indirect pollution and consumption 车辆工况：100,000公里，达到欧I标准。Working condition of vehic

15、le: 1000,000 Km, reach European I standard 以合理的技术环境为依据。 reasonable basis of the technical environment,23,PPT学习交流,LCA的第二步 清单设计与总量计算 the second step of LCA: List designing and gross calculation,生物质E10燃料的LCA-3E清单设计 The LCA-3E list designing of E10,“Fishbone” Sketch,24,PPT学习交流,1）建立环境影响计算清单 Design the ca

16、lculating list of environmental impacts,25,PPT学习交流,2 ）建立能源影响计算清单 Design the calculating list of energy influence,26,PPT学习交流,3 ）建立成本计算清单 Design the calculation list of cost,27,PPT学习交流,4 ）进行总量计算 total calculation,本项目数据来源：the source of this project 直接采集：实地调查的单位包括黑龙江华润金玉公司、黑龙江省发改委；河南天冠集团、河南省农业厅；广西天昌投资公司

17、、广西桂孚科技投资公司、广西三西农场、广西农业科学研究院、广西热带植物研究所。 Directly collection: the investigation objects including: Huarun Gold Jade company, Heilongjiang development and innovation committee, Henan Tianguang Group, Henan agriculture office, Guangxi Tianchang Invest Company, Guangxi Guifu Technical Invest Company, Gu

18、angxi Sanxi farm, Guangxi Agricultural Institute of Technology and Guangxi Tropic Plant Research Center. 相关数据库：如美国阿岗实验室GREET模型，欧盟Biofit 模型等； Related database: e.g. the U.S. GREET model in AGAN Laboratory, EU Biofit model 公开发表的研究成果：如论文、会议报告等； Published Research Achievement: papers, conference reports

19、 etc. 公开出版物：如年鉴、专业书刊等 Published books: such as annuals and professional books,28,PPT学习交流,LCA的第三步 3E评估 the third step of LCA: 3E evaluation,1 ）环境影响评估 evaluation environment impacts,结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持平，CO, SOx, 与GHGs排放优于汽油。 Result: most of the discharging index are similar to gasoline, while CO, SOx and G

20、HGs are less than those of gasoline,29,PPT学习交流,燃料乙醇生命周期排放 Life cycle discharge of ethanol fuel,与同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇的NOx与SOx两项排放明显高于汽油。从清单中发现，它们来自种植过程化肥生产与发酵过程煤的燃烧。 When getting the equivalent energy, ethanol will discharge more NOx and SOx than gasoline. From the list we get to know that those waste gas co

21、me from the fertilizer producing and cassava ferment which need plenty of coal to sustain a high temperature.,30,PPT学习交流,2 ）能源影响评估 evaluation of energy impact,燃料乙醇的能量输入/输出比：生产出具有1千焦耳能量的乙醇，需要X千焦耳的能量 Energy input/output of ethanol: demanding of energy (X J) for 1,000 J ethanol energy,结论：Result 从木薯乙醇中得

22、到1千焦耳的能量必须消耗0.63千焦耳的能量。 0.63 KJ energy should be consumed to produce 1KJ energy from cassava ethanol 木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。 the cassava ethanol is just fuel not energy source,31,PPT学习交流,每吨乙醇的净能量Y The net output energy for 1 ton ethanol Y Y=吨乙醇所含能量生产一吨乙醇所消耗能量 Y=the energy of 1 ton ethanol-the energy cost 乙醇在我

23、国不是能与汽油相比的能源 In China, there is no possible for ethanol to share the fuel market with gasoline.,32,PPT学习交流,3 ）经济影响评估 evaluation of economy influence,一个10万吨乙醇生产项目：a 100,000 tons ethanol production project 可以将30万亩土地得到使用； Make use of 1.999 million hectare poor soil 农民可收入9473万元，取代原扶贫款8578万元；farmers get

24、94,730,000 RMB income, replace the former 85,780,000 RMB which is fund for poverty alleviation by the government 可安置300个工业就业岗位； bring about 300 industrial working position 乙醇厂，运输分配系统均具明显的经济效益；ethanol factory and transportation distribution system gain obvious financial benefit 政府在全过程可得税收8,362 万元 ；in

25、crease government revenue by 8,362,000 RMB 广西地方GDP增长 19,023万元; enhance the regional GDP by 19,023,000 RMB 但是，由于乙醇价格高于汽油，热能低于汽油，车主又不愿支付E10与汽油间的差价，政府必须补贴16,667万元，抵去税收，政府地方财政实际补贴8,035万元 。However, the price of ethanol is higher than gasoline, energy release is less than gasoline, and vehicle holder are

26、not willing to pay for the price difference, so the government has to give 16,667,000 RMB subsidies, subtract 8,362,000 the government actually give out 8,035,000 RMB,结论：Result 木薯乙醇项目可以推动广西GDP的增长。Cassava could stimulate the GDP progress of Guangxi. 但是政府必须给予补贴。However, the government should give subs

27、idies.,33,PPT学习交流,LCA的第四步 分析、决策 the forth step of LCA: analysis and decision-making,1）敏感度分析 sensitivity analysis 研究可变因素对结论的影响程度，为综合分析准备依据 analyze the variable factors influence degree to the result, as the basis for comprehensive analysis 将一些不敏感的可变因素从思维中剔除 eliminate the insensitive variable factors

28、from mind 对评估结果造成重要影响的因素不一定是敏感因素 insensitive factor may cause deep influence 找出重要、又敏感的因素 find out the important (deep influence) and sensitive factor,34,PPT学习交流,环境敏感因素分析 analysis of environment sensitivity factor,煤是影响VOC, CO, NOX, PM10和SOX排放的关键因素 Coal is the main source of VOC, CO, NOX, PM10 and SOX

29、 木薯种植是影响温室气体排放的关键因素 cassava grow is the main influence factor of green-house gas emission 化学品是影响所有排放的另一个主要因素 chemical is another main factor of all emissions,结论：result 主要排放来自于煤的燃烧和木薯的种植。The main gas emission comes from the coal combustion and cassava grow,35,PPT学习交流,X:石油价格（美元/桶） X: price of oil (buc

30、k/bucket) P(x):汽油价格（元/升） gasoline price (RMB/L) C1,2,3(x): 小麦、玉米、木薯乙醇价格（元/升） price of wheat, maize and cassava ethanol (RMB/L),结论：补偿的主要原因是石油价格的影响 Result: the main reason of subsidies is the impact current price of gasoline,木薯原料成本过高 the price of cassava is too high 乙醇价格高于同热能汽油 Ethanol is more expensi

31、ve than gasoline providing the same energy,经济敏感因素分析 analysis of economic sensitivity factor,36,PPT学习交流,能量消耗总计表 total energy consumption Table,能量敏感因素分析 analysis of the energy sensitivity factor,结论：主要能量消耗是生产乙醇过程。 Result: the ethanol producing process consumes the most energy,37,PPT学习交流,2 ）结论 RESULT,乙醇

32、是燃料，不是能源；ethanol is fuel, not energy source; 按现有技术水平广西的木薯资源如果全部用来发展燃料乙醇，最大潜力每年约为500万吨；the greatest potential cassava ethanol production is about 5,000,000 tons, according to todays technological level 乙醇燃料带有很大的地域性，其最大范围取决于原料运输成本的极限半径； the ethanol is a regional fuel, which depends on the maximum radi

33、us of material transport cost E10燃料的使用，可降低汽车对城市环境污染，但对整个人类环境带来NOx及SO2的严重污染；E10 will reduce vehicle from polluting the city area, while cause drastic pollution of NOxSO2 to the global environment 广西发展乙醇燃料工业，能为地区的社会经济发展带来明显的效益；Guangxi province could galvanize the cassava ethanol to enhance the citizen

34、s living condition and stimulate the regional economy 为推行乙醇燃料的应用，政府必须在E10燃料与汽油差价上，给予补贴；to encourage the application of ethanol fuel, government should give subsidies to meat the price differences between ethanol and gasoline 和玉米、陈化粮相比，木薯乙醇具有最好的综合效益。Cassava has the best overall efficiency comparing t

35、o maize and old rice,结论：发展乙醇燃料对广西政府来说是可行的。 Result: Develop the cassava ethanol is feasible to Guangxi government,38,PPT学习交流,3）决策 decision making,建议走农工一体化道路，降低木薯原料的成本，从而减少政府计划的风险性；encourage farmers to follow the agro-industrial road, cut the cost of cassava material, thus reducing the risk of the gov

36、ernments plan 建议充分发挥广西水电资源丰富的优势，采用电热锅炉生产蒸汽用于发酵；同时增加复合肥、减少氮肥的使用，从而减少全生命周期的排放污染；Guangxi has rich hydropower resources, using electric boilers for steam production fermentation at the same time increasing composite fertilizer and reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer, thus reducing the total life cycle

37、 emissions pollution 世界石油价格在相当长的时间里，将保持上涨的态势，因此，是发展乙醇燃料的良好时机； in a long future, the world oil prices will maintain a rising trend, therefore, is a good time to develop fuel ethanol 制定新的木薯收购、乙醇生产、E10燃料税收政策，大力扶持木薯乙醇燃料的生产；enact a new cassava purchase, the production of ethanol, E10 fuel tax policy, and

38、 vigorously support cassava ethanol fuel production; 加大科技投入，开发木薯高产良种与低温发酵技术。Put more technological skill in to cassava ethanol production, research a new high yielding variety of cassava and low temperature fermentation technology,39,PPT学习交流,研究目标：objective 对电动助动车系统进行环境影响分析，并和燃油助动车系统进行比较。 Conduct an

39、environmental impact analysis of the electric bicycle system, compare it with the motorcycle power system,燃油助动车 motorcycle,电动助动车 electric bicycle,案例二 project 2,福特中国电动助动车计划全生命周期评估 LCA of Ford electric bicycle plan in china,40,PPT学习交流,随着人民生活水平的提高，自行车已不能满足人们出行的要求，但轿车一时还不能进入家庭，因此助动车是人们最好的选择。With the imp

40、rovement of living standards, a bike has been unable to meet the requirements of the people, but its too early for car entering the family, electric bicycle is the best choice for people. 上海市有600,000辆燃油摩托车，造成城市大量的空气污染，上海市政府计划用电动自行车替代燃油摩托车。There are 600,000 motorcycles in Shanghai which cause a lot o

41、f urban air pollution, to change this condition, the metropolis government decide to replace motorcycle with electric bicycle which is clean. 两轮动力车辆是发展中国家重要的私人交通工具，福特有意进入这一市场。Two wheel transport tools play the main role in personal travel in developing countries, Ford intends to enter the market.,背景

42、 background,41,PPT学习交流,产品生命周期分析(LCA)方法 The method of LCA,42,PPT学习交流,LCA分析模型与边界条件 Analysis model and boundary condition of LCA,燃油助动车油耗3.3升/100公里； consuming 3.3L/Km for motorcycle 电动助动车35公里，每次充电耗电量1.24瓦时；consuming 1.24 watt hour for 35 Km 每个电池可充电300次；the battery could recharge for 300 times 两种车使用寿命10万公里；life-long running distance is 100,000 Km for two of them 上海为100火电，1千瓦时需消耗409克无烟煤。Shanghai power plants are 100% thermal power, which consumes 409 g blind coal for one watt hour.,模型 model,边界条件 boundary condition,43,PPT学习交流,总量分析结果 analysis of total