如何做定性研究 Qualitative research.ppt

1、A,1,QualitativeResearch13thofMarch,A,2,QualitativeResearch,“Youcanlearnalotjustbywatching”,A,3,MAKINGSENSEOFOTHERSREALITY,A,4,THEINTERPRETIVEPARADIGM,Theinterpretiveapproacharguesthatresearchshouldexplore“sociallymeaningfulactionthroughthedirectdetailedobservationofpeopleinnaturalsettingsinordertoar

2、riveatunderstandingsandinterpretationsofhowpeoplecreateandmaintaintheirsocialworlds”(Neuman,1997:68).Weuse“methodsthattrytodescribeandinterpretpeoplesfeelingsandexperiencesinhumantermsratherthanthroughquantificationandmeasurement”(TerreBlanchewife/husband,Therapist/disabled,etc.,A,6,QualitativeResea

3、rchGoals,Meaning:howpeopleseetheworldContext:theworldinwhichpeopleactProcess:whatactionsandactivitiespeopledoReasoning:whypeopleactandbehavethewaytheydo,Maxwell,2005,A,7,PhasesinQualitativeResearch,ConceptualizeandplanstudyUseliterature,formulatestudypurposeorquestion,identifystudysite,settingswhere

4、/howdatacollectionwilloccur,participantsandentretosetting,Startstudywithconcurrentdatacollectionandanalysis.Analysisfocusedonidentifyingthemesandcategories-similaritiesindata.Questionorpurposemayemergeandberefined.Datacollectionstrategiesmaychange,Samplinganddatacollectiondeterminedbytheoreticalsatu

5、ration.Analysisbasedonnarrativedescription,Goal:Accesstheparticipantsworldtokeepyoufocusedsilenceandpatiencebalancedwithkeepingtheinterviewgoingredirectlong-windedtangentsbacktoyourlineoffocus,A,17,AftertheInterview:WritinguptheInterviewand,SummaryandnotesofmainpointsVerbatimtranscripts(dontletthemp

6、ileup)IdeastentativepiecesofanalysisMethodologicaldifficultiesPersonalemotionalexperienceRespondingtointervieweerequests;emotionalissues?,A,18,TheThree-InterviewSeries(Seidman,1998),InterviewOne:LifeHistoryInterviewTwo:DetailsoftheExperienceInterviewThree:ReflectionontheMeaning,A,19,DataCollectionMe

7、thods:In-depthInterviews,SomestudiescannotemploytheparticipantobservationmethodE.g.,DesrochessstudyofbankrobbersIn-depthinterviewsallowparticipantstodescribetheirexperiencesandthemeaningofeventstakingplaceintheirlivesVerbatimquotescapturethelanguageandmeaningexpressedbyparticipantsInterviewsareflexi

8、bleandallowforprobingInterviewmethodisquitediverse,adaptive,A,20,In-depthInterviews(contd),SpradleythreekeyelementsfortheinterviewmethodtobesuccessfulExplicitpurposeresearcherandinformantareawarethatthediscussionhasapurposeEthnographicexplanationsresearchertriesoutexplanationsontheparticipantstoseei

9、ftheymakesenseEncouragetheinformantstousecolloquiallanguage,andteachtheresearcheritsmeaning,A,21,In-depthInterviews(contd),Ethnographicquestionsinclude:Descriptivequestionsaskparticipantstodescribetheirexperiences(e.g.,theirideas,circumstances,viewpoints,dilemmas,etc)Structuralquestionsaskparticipan

10、tshowtheyorganizetheirworld(e.g.,activities)ContrastquestionsaskparticipantswhatismeantbyspecificterminologyPrus&Grillsstressthevalueoftheinterviewmethodinamulti-methodapproach,A,22,DataCollectionMethods:FocusGroupInterviews,Interviewformat,butinagroupsetting6-12participantswithcommonexperienceDates

11、backtothe1940susedtoassesseffectivenessofmorale-boostingradioshows1970sonwardusedbymarketresearchers1980sonwardusedbyacademicsTranscriptofdiscussionisthedataPlusaccompanyingnotesUsecontentanalysisorgroundedtheoryapproachtoanalyzethedata,A,23,FocusGroupInterviews(contd),Strengths:Open-endedquestionSp

12、ontaneouslydealwithissuesastheyariseCost-effectivemethodofcollectingdataLesstime-consumingWeaknesses:OneortwoparticipantsmaydominateNotdoneinanaturalsetting,solittle“observation”tohelpunderstandtheexperienceoftheparticipants,A,24,TelephoneInterviews,Advantages:Comboofface-to-facepersonalqualitywithi

13、mpersonalself-administeredquestionnairesInexpensiveandconvenient(maybe)Safeforinterviewers,A,25,TelephoneInterviews,cont.,Disadvantages:Changingdemographicsmorecellphones?MaymisscertainpopulationsegmentsSurveymustbeshortorpeoplewillhangup“NoCallLists”presentingincreasingchallenge,A,26,Methodtoenhanc

14、ethevalidity&reliabilityofqualitativeresearchEnhancesaccuracyofinterpretationConfirmsthatthedatacollectedisnotduetochanceorcircum-stances,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,A,27,CollectdatafrommultiplesourcesCollectdatainmultiplewaysfromsubjectsCollectdifferentkindsofdatainmultiplewaysfrommult

15、iplesubjects,Forexample:Mayinterviewteachers,principals&parentsMayinterview&observestudentsMayreviewstudentrecords,interviewteachers,observestudents,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,A,28,QualitativeResearchMethods:Triangulation,A,29,MixingMethods/Qual-quant,Threepurposes(Sandelowski):Triangu

16、lationconvergentvalidationComplementarityclarify,explain,elaborateDevelopmentguideadditionaldatacollection,A,30,Resources(Kuh&Andreas,1991),RecordingdevicesTranscribingequipmentSoftwarepackagesforanalyzingMemberchecksparticipantsSpaceTime,A,31,TheDataGenerallycollectedintheformoffieldnotes,diariesau

17、dio&videotapes,copiesofdocuments,narrativedescriptions,AnalysisSomeformofanalysisusuallytakesplaceatthesametimedataisbeingcollectedResearcherseekstoidentifypatternsortrends,QualitativeResearch:DataAnalysis,A,32,Qualitativedatamaybeanalyzedbya3-partstrategy:reducingthedatacodingthedatasynthesizingthedata,QualitativeResearch:DataAnalysis,A,33,Readandre-readdata,becomeengrossedinit.Identifythemes:common,conflicting,minorityTestthemesacrossth