韩礼德与系统功能语法

1、Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar,Gao Lei,Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday has developed ideas stemming from Firths theories in the London School. He is probably the most important representative of the Systemic-Functional School.,Systemic-Functional Grammar has two components: Systemic Gr

2、ammar and Functional Grammar.,Systemic Grammar,Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a SYSTEM NETWORK, or MEANING POTENTIAL. And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices.,The notion of system is made a central explanatory principle,

3、the whole of language being conceived as a “system of systems”. Halliday defines system as a system of potentials, a range of alternatives.,Systemic Grammar,person,First person,Second person,Third person,number,singular,plural,tense,past,present,future,当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则可生成句子结构。,Sys

4、temic Grammar,The axis of chain,Surface aspects of grammar, such as sentence structures, linguistic units, and their ranks (sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme),The axis of choice,Meaning aspects of grammar,choice (paradigmatic),Chain (syntagmatic),On a general level, there is the Chain Syst

5、em and the Choice System,The relation between systemic grammar and functional grammar,The system network in Systemic Grammar chiefly describes three components of function, or three metafunctions (ideational, interpersonal, and textual). Each of them is a complex system consisting of other systems,

6、and choices are simultaneously made from the three metafunctions.,Functional Grammar,Halliday defines a functional grammar as “essentially a natural grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained”. Halliday interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates

7、a functional theory of language.,the ideational the interpersonal the textual function,Three metafunctions,Functional Grammar,The ideational function is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. The ideational function mainly consists of “transitivity” and “v

8、oice”.,The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.,The textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from

9、a random list of sentences.,Transitivity,Transitivity is a grammatical system. I t “specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed”. The basic semantic framework for the representation of process consists of three componen

10、ts (1) the process itself, (2) participants in the process, and (3)circumstances associated with the process.,Process,In English, we make choices between different types of process, participants, circumstances, roles, and members. They are known collectively as the transitivity choices. We first div

11、ided the choices into six kinds:,Transitivity,Material process (John kicked the ball),Mental process (John likes Mary),Relational Process (John is on the sofa),Behavioural process (John laughed),Verbal process (John said it is cold in the room),Existential process (There is a cat on the sofa),Proces

12、s,1. Material processes: Processes of doing,Material processes are processes of doing. Such a process is expressed by an action verb (e.g. beat、break、kick), an actor (logical subject) and the goal of the action (logical direct object, usually a noun or a pronoun). Actor and Goal correspond to Agent

13、and Patient. For example:,My brother broke the window. (Actor-Process-Goal),The girl smiles. (Actor-Process),Process,2. Mental Processes: Processes of sensing,A mental process consists of two participants: Senser and Phenomenon. The senser is the conscious being that is feeling, thinking, or seeing.

14、 The phenomenon is that which is “sensed” felt, thought, seen. The category of mental process consists of three principal subtypes (1) perception (seeing, hearing, etc), (2) affection (liking, fearing, etc), and (3) cognition (thinking, knowing, etc),e.g. Mary liked the gift. (Senser-Process-Phenome

15、non),The gift pleased Mary. (Phenomenon-Process-Senser),Process,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Relational processes can be classified into two types: the Attributive and the Identifying. The former expresses what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. The latter ex

16、presses the identical properties of two entities.,These two relations can be further classified into the Intensive ( is a ), Circumstantial ( is at a), and Possessive ( has a).,Process,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Attributive mode (Carrier-Process-Attribute):,Mary is wise. (intensive)

17、 The meeting is on a Tuesday. (circumstantial) Peter has a piano. (possessive),Identifying mode (Identified-Process-Identifier):,(4)Tom is the leader. (intensive) (5)Tomorrow is the tenth. (circumstantial) (6)The piano is Peters. (possessive),Process,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Proce

18、ss,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Tom is the leader. The leader is Tom.,Mary is wise. * Wise is Mary.,Process,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Halliday points out that in any identifying clause, there is a Token and a Value. These are always related with the identifier and th

19、e identified. For example:,e.g. John is our monitor.,Identified Process Identified,Token Value,Process,3. Relational Processes: Processes of Being,Halliday also points out that if the subject is Token, then the clause is in the active voice. Or if the subject is Value, then the clause is in the pass

20、ive voice. Examples are:,e.g. The daughter resembles her mother. The mother is resembled by the daughter.,Process,4.Verbal Processes: Processes of Saying,Verbal processes are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs are “say”, “tell”, “talk”, “praise”, “describe”, etc. In this type of pr

21、ocesses the participant are the Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage. The verbiage is the verbalization itself or the content of message.,He said that. (Sayer-Process-Verbiage) The notices tells you to keep quite. (Sayer-Process-Verbiage) She asked me some questions. (Sayer-Process-Verbiage),Process,5.Beha

22、vioural Processes: Processes of Behaving,Behavioural processes refer to physiological and psychological activities such as breathing, coughing, dreaming, and crying, etc. Generally only one participant, the Behaver (often a human) is involved in these processes.,The girl laughed heartily. (Behaver-

23、Process-Circumstantial) He sighed deeply. (Behaver-Process-Circumstantial),Process,6.Existential Processes: Processes of Existing or Happening,It is usually realized by there-construction. The Existent in the process may be an event, an object or a human being.,There was a storm. (Process-Existent)

24、On the wall there hangs a picture. (Circumstance- Process-Existent) Theres a man at the door. (Process-Existent-Circumstance),Participants,1. Beneficiary,The beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place. It appears in material and verbal processes, and sometimes in re

25、lational processes.,Material process recipient (one that goods are given to) He gave a book to her. Client (one that services are done for) He bought a present for her.,Verbal process receiver,Relational process beneficiary,Participants,In a material process, Recipient and Client each may appear wit

26、h or without a preposition, depending on its position in the clause. If it is an external dative, Recipient is associated with the preposition to and Client the preposition for.,Participants,e.g. He gave her a book.,(Actor-Process-Beneficiary: Recipient-Goal),He gave a book to her.,(Actor-Process-Go

27、al-Beneficiary: Recipient),He bought a present for her.,(Actor-Process- Goal -Beneficiary: Client),He bought her a present.,(Actor-Process-Beneficiary: Client-Goal),Participants,2. Range,The Range is the element that specifies the range or scope of the process. It may occur in material, behavioural,

28、 mental, and verbal process.,He climbed the mountain. They moved the mountain.,material process,What he did to the mountain was climb it. What they did to the mountain was move it.,He has the mountain climbed. They have the mountain moved.,They crossed the field flat. They trampled the field flat. (

29、resultative attribute),(range),(goal),Participants,2. Range,He likes it. (it specifies the domain of ones liking),Mental process:,Verbal process: the range element expresses the class, quality, or quantity of what is said.,She speaks German. (class) He asked a difficult question. (quality) He made a

30、 log speech. (quantity),Circumstances,Extent and Location Manner (Means, Quality and Comparison) Cause (Reason, Purpose and Behalf) Accompaniment Matter Role,1. Extent and Location,Extent is related with the notion of distance and duration (a stretch, a period) whereas Location is related with the n

31、otion of place and time (a spot, a point). Both of them can express spatial and temporal meanings.,He walked two miles. (Extent: spatial) He stayed for two weeks. (Extent: temporal) He studied in the classroom. (Location: spatial) He gets up at six oclock. (Location: temporal),2. Manner,The circumst

32、antial element of Manner consists of three subcategories: Means, Quality, Comparison.,(1a) The pig was beaten with the stick. (1b) She beat the pig with the stick. (2a) The pig was beaten by a stick. (2b) The stick beat the pig.,Means refers to the means or instruments whereby a process takes place.

33、,instrument,actor, agent,He came by train.,2. Manner,Quality expressions represent various meanings such as degree.,e.g. It puzzled him too much.,Comparison represents the meaning of similarity or difference. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with like or unlike.,e.g. He worked like a slave. He signed his name differently.,3. Cause,Three subcategories: Reason, Purpose, and Behalf.,Behalf represents entity