21世纪大学英语教材.ppt

1、Unit 6 : Part A,21st Century College English: Book 2,A Brief History of Stephen Hawking,Unit 6: Part A,Pre-reading Activities Intensive Study Exercises Assignment,Pre-reading Activities: Listening,First Listening: Before you listen to the tape, have a quick look at the paragraph on p.160. Its simila

2、r to what youll hear on the tape, but there are some differences. As you listen the first time, try to find the sections of the paragraph that are different from what you hear on the tape. Dont worry about yet what the exact differences are just underline where they appear.,Second Listening: Now und

3、erline the differences.,Pre-reading Activities: Listening,Check-up,Pre-reading Activities: Listening,The differences you should underline are:,Stephen Hawking, the world-famous scientist and author, lost his ability to speak in 1985. Already confined to a wheelchair, unable to move more than a few m

4、uscles, he lost his voice and this meant he could communicate only by raising his eyebrows. Then an American computer programmer came to Hawkings rescue by designing a vocalizing computer specially for him. With its help, Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about 15 words per minute, by se

5、lecting words from his computer screen and then clicking on a device that vocalizes the sentences for him. Hawking jokes about the computer: “The only trouble is that it gives me an American accent.”,Script,Pre-reading Activities: Listening,Steven Hawking, the well-known scientist and author, lost h

6、is ability to speak in 1983. Already confined to a wheelchair, unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and this left him able to communicate only by raising his fingers. Then an Australian computer programmer came to Hawkings rescue by designing a vocalizing computer specially for

7、him. With its help, Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about 50 words per minute, by selecting words from a computer screen and then clicking a device that says the sentences for him. Hawking likes the computer, saying: “The only trouble is that it gives me an Australian accent.”,Intensiv

8、e Study Difficult sentences Key words, phrases the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for 50.,Intensive Study,His life step by step,4Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: January 8, 1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo,

9、 the Italian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed. 5“Galileo”, says Hawking, “was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a sense

10、, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy.”,Intensive Study,6Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted for its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listened to classical music and

11、 read only such “smart” authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawkings hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist. 7Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got full marks. A friend recalls: “While I would be struggling away with a complicated problem, he just kne

12、w the answer. He didnt have to think about it.”,Intensive Study,8This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of Hawkings science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: “Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first

13、, or add the milk after pouring?” While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: “Add the milk after pouring, of course.” (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates how

14、 Hawking and his friends built a simple computer and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computers at all.,Intensive Study,Reading Analysis,9Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and awkward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked

15、 a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illness; he was just that sort of kid a figure of classroom fun, respected by his friends, avoided by most.,Intensive Study,10Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning

16、a scholarship to read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of the work easy and averaged only one hours work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, Hawking didnt even bother to do them. Asked

17、 why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, “Half the time, he was sitting in the ste

18、rn with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae.”,11Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he had ALS a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to

19、live. 12“Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with life,” Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors grim prognosis made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously taken for granted.,Intensive Study,13“But I

20、 didnt die,” Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his physical condition worsened, Hawkings reputation in scientific circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be hi

21、s real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions: Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the univer

22、se. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.,Intensive Study,14The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: “I soon realized that the rest of the world wont want to know you if

23、youre bitter or angry. You have to be positive if youre to get much sympathy or help.” He goes on: “Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete. What we need is mind power and disabled people are as good at that as anyone else.”,Intensive Study,alive a. (predicative) having life; living,e.g. The doctors are

24、trying every possible means to keep him alive. It is reported that more than forty people were burned alive in yesterdays fire.,Cf. living a. (attributive) e.g. I have no living relatives in my hometown.,More to learn,He has been proclaimed “the finest mind alive” .,Paraphrase ?,He has been declared

25、 the most intelligent man who is living today .,He has been proclaimed “the finest mind alive” .,Known to millions, ,Past participial phrases can be used as adverbials. e.g. Stephen Hawking is known to millions, far and wide, for his book “A Brief History of Time”. He is a star scientist in more way

26、s than one. Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one.,More to do,1.The museum was originally located in London. It was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946. 2.The manager was asked what his plan was for the coming year

27、. He promised to further develop the domestic market.,VIII.Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences using past participial phrases as adverbials.,Originally located in London, the museum was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.,Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the manager

28、promised to further develop the domestic market.,Exercises Structure,读写教程 II：Ex. VIII, p. 142,3.This symphony was composed in 1878. Its based on a classical Chinese love story. 4.Many modern museum exhibits are designed for visitors to touch or play with. They are at once entertaining and educationa

29、l.,Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a classical Chinese love story.,Designed for visitors to touch or play with, many modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.,Exercises Structure,5.Science is aided by technology. It helps mankind to gain increasing control over the

30、 environment.,Aided by technology, science helps mankind to gain increasing control over the environment.,Exercises Structure,VIII.Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences using past participial phrases as adverbials.,far and wide everywhere; from or over a large area,e.g. She lo

31、oked far and wide for the missing diamond ring. Since he retired, he has traveled far and wide.,His gift for and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America.,Translate 星际大战之三成了2002的畅销书之一。,Key “Star War III” turned out to be one of the bestsellers in the year 2002.,e.g. The writers first novel

32、was a best-seller. John read a best-seller while riding the bus.,bestseller n. anything, especially a book, that has a large sale.,earn vt. get (sth. that one deserves) because of ones qualities; deserve,e.g. She earned the promotion from a salesgirl to a sales manager. After that, Sharon earned a r

33、eputation for honesty.,Translate 他已在历史上赢得了一席之地。 He has earned his place in history.,Text-related information,Guinness Book of Records 吉尼斯世界纪录大全 In 1955, Norris and his twin brother Ross edited the first Guinness Book of World Records. The book was first designed to record the then extremes in, on an

34、d beyond the Earth notably in human performance and of the natural world. The name “Guinness” derives from the Guinness Brewery in Dublin, which was Irelands largest company. It is in London now. The book is now published worldwide in 23 different languages.,Text-related information,The Sunday Times

35、 星期日泰晤士报 The Sunday Times is an influential Sunday newspaper published in London, England. It is known around the world for the quality of its reporting and editing and for its coverage of British politics and the arts. Founded in 1822 as a nationally circulated paper with an independent editorial p

36、olicy, The Sunday Times reflects the dignified, carefully written, and well-edited character of its daily counterpart The Times.,virtually ad. almost; very nearly,e.g. Its virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing. The job was virtually completed by the end of the week.,Notice:

37、You can use virtually to refer to something that is almost or nearly true and that can be regarded as true for most purposes.,More to learn,Cf. virtual a. almost what is stated; in fact though not officially,Virtual reality is a set of images and sounds produced by a computer which seem to represent

38、 a place or situation in which a person experiencing it can take part, and a virtual business is one that exists in cyberspace.,virtually ad. almost; very nearly,paralyse/paralyze vt. make (sb. ) lose the ability to move part or all of his body, or to feel anything in it,e.g. He was paralysed from t

39、he neck down in a road accident. A stroke paralyzed half his face.,Notice: You can say that people, places or organizations are paralysed by something when it makes them unable to act or function properly. e.g. The strike paralysed the transport network. The whole system was paralysed when the main

40、computer broke down.,Translate 电力故障使整个城市陷于瘫痪。,Key Electricity failure paralyzed the whole city.,dream of wish, fantasize, imagine,e.g. He dreamed of winning the world tennis championship one day. Stephanie often dreams of long sea journeys.,You dream of doing something or of something happening, whe

41、n you very much want it to come about.,specialize in concentrate ones studies, interests, etc. on (a particular field, etc.),e.g. Prof. White specializes in oriental history. He specialized first in painting birds and later in writing about them.,Fill in the blank They went to a _ (意大利风味餐馆).,Key res

42、taurant that specializes in Italian food,Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age.,e.g. My bicycle is falling apart. Their marriage finally fell apart.,More to learn,fall apart break into pieces; break up,Carpets and furniture stayed in use u

43、ntil they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age.,peel vi. (of a covering) come off in strips or small pieces e.g. After the sunburn, my husbands skin peeled.,Cf. peelvt. (off) remove the outer covering from (a fruit, vegetable, etc.) e.g. Mother wanted you to peel some potatoes for sal

44、ad.,Cf. peeln. the outer covering of fruits and vegetables e.g. orange peel onion peel,Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for 50.,Carpets and furniture would not be replaced by new ones until th

45、ey broke; the wallpaper came off and hung for old age. The family car was a second-hand car bought for 50 from a London taxi company.,The description of Hawkings parents house suggests their “eccentric” behaviors in other peoples eyes and, on the other hand, their thrift in life: they would rather b

46、ury themselves in a roomful of books than have any comforts in their house.,Galileo (1564 - 1642) Italian astronomer and physicist. The first to use a telescope to study the stars (1610), he was an outspoken advocate of Copernicuss theory that the sun forms the center of the universe, which led to h

47、is persecution and imprisonment by the Inquisition (1633).,Text-related information, start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally,figuratively ad. 比喻地；借喻地 When someone is speaking figuratively, he is using a word or expression with a more abstract or imaginative meaning than its usual one.,

48、e.g. Figuratively speaking, a number of people still live in the eighteenth century. When I said I killed him, I was using the word “kill” figuratively.,More to learn, start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally,literally ad. according to the most basic and simple meaning of a word e.g. Th

49、e book is translated too literally. Dont take everything he says literally; he likes to exaggerate.,More to learn,literally ad. exactly, really e.g. There are literally thousands of “interest groups” on the Internet. I literally begged him for help.,“Figuratively” and “literally” are often used to d

50、escribe the meanings of words. In the case of “eye”, literally it means an organ of sight, as in “He closed his left eye and opened his right eye”, while figuratively it means the minds eye or observation, as in “To her expert eye, the painting was terrible.”, start using his eyes, both figuratively

51、 and literally,In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy.,in a sense to a certain extent but not entirely,e.g. You are right in a sense, but you dont know all the facts. We are, in a sense, being deceitful if we tell them so.,More to learn,In a sense, he was responsible for

52、the age of science we now enjoy.,be responsible for be the cause of,e.g. The bad weather was responsible for the crop failure. Who is responsible for the damage?,Text-related information,Aldous Huxley (1894 - 1963) Aldous Huxley was an English novelist, essayist, critic and poet.During the 1920s and

53、 1930s he lived in Italy and France, and there wrote many of his best fictions, notably Brave New World (1932) and Eyeless in Gaza (1936). Disillusioned with Europe he left for California in 1937, in search of new spiritual direction. He also wrote on science, philosophy, and social criticism. His w

54、orks, often pessimistic, combine satire and earnestness, brutality and humanity,and shed light onunexplored territory.,Text-related information,Bertrand Russell (1872 - 1970) Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, mathematician, and reformer, whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the co

55、urse of 20th-century philosophy. He remained constant in his admiration of physics and his belief that science provides the best understanding of all that exists. He was widely known to the general public through campaigns and writings in favor of progressive views in politics, morals, education, an

56、d religion. Among his many books are Principles of Mathematics (1903), The Analysis of Matter (1927), Education and The Social Order (1930). He was awarded the Noble Prize for Literature in 1950.,at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist,at once at the same time,e.g. All three boys spoke at

57、 once. The book is at once instructive and amusing. When theres more than one conversation going on at once, you cant hear anything.,More to learn,e.g. Hes quite bright but hes not what you should describe as intellectual. Thinking is an intellectual process.,intellectuala. having or showing power o

58、f the mind; needing or using power of the mind,Cf. intelligent a. having or showing understanding; able to learn and know e.g. Dolphins are intelligent animals. Scientists believe that there are intelligent life existing beyond our solar system.,An intellectual person is one who has developed his br

59、ain and is highly educated, and is interested in subjects that exercise the mind, while an intelligent person has the power of learning or understanding but may not know much.,at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist,struggle away with try very hard to do (sth., though it isvery hard),e.g. He struggled away with calculus (微积分)but eventually understood it.,More to learn,awayad. all the time; continuously,e.g. She worked away at