海水的化学特征.ppt

1、chapter3chemicalandphysicalfeaturesofseawaterandtheworldocean、大洋海水的化学和物理特征、Unique nature of pure water、threestateofwater (fig.3.1-) heatandwaterwaterasasolvent，水的形态/form，固体/solid (ice )氢键牢固，结晶构造/crystal，比重小于1，有一定的体积和形状液体/liquid构造结晶化的倾向，4 C是比重的边界，体积的有无形状瓦斯气体/关于gas(steamorwatervas )所在的热值/heat value、氢键

2、(hydrogen bonds )水的热值，1克液体的水的温度提高1度需要1卡热，100 C的水变成100 C的蒸汽需要540卡热， 将1克0 C的冰变成0 C的水需要80卡的热量，如fig.3.3 alayerofwatermoleculessurroundseachion、weakens the ionic bonds、which pull apart or dissociate 减弱盐络离子结合的结合力，逐渐导致其断裂，使盐溶解于水中，形成Salt composition of seawater、cl18、980(ppm)na10、560so42560mg21272、ca2 Chemic

3、al weathering of rocks/Seawater-water quality、salinityandhardnesstemperaturedensityphdissolvedgases /溶解气体Transparency/透明度Pressure/压力本来淡水沉淀肥皂的能力现在， 钙元素络离子和镁络离子的浓度软水：0-55ppm轻度硬水： 56-100 ppm中度硬水： 101-200ppm重度硬水： 201-500ppm、Salinity， 仅指temperatty的thetemperatureandsalinityofseawaterdetermineitsdensity :

4、itgetsdenserasitgetssaltier，colder， 密度由or both./海水的温度和盐分决定，温度剖面图Thermocline/温跃层(fig.3.8 )、透明/透明度， thedepththatsunlightcanpenetratte clearoceanwaterismosttransparenttobluelight (fig.3.11 )、fig.3.11、Fig.3.12、效果到传输suspendedanddissolvedmaterial/漂浮物或溶解物Plankton/漂浮物、Pressure/压力、increased depth (fig.3.13 )

5、、stratifiedandstabilityo 水体层和稳定、watercolumnintheoceanisuallystratified、controlled thedifferenceindensitybetweensurfaceandeepwatermakesthewatercolumns 三层甲板、表面层/表层： (100 m )混合层/混合层： (100-200 m )热线/温跃层333660中层/中间阶层： (200-1500 m )深层或底层： (1500-5000 m ) (fig.3.17 whensurfacewaterbecomemoreden 表面粗糙度、下侧波纹度o

6、ccurs /表层水密度大于底部水密度，表层水下沉的垂直更换为occursintemperateandpolarregions、during winter cools/， 贸易风格3360 approachtheeqautoratanangleofabout 45 over the ocean，与steady.wester lies/西风带3360 at middle latitudes moveintheoppositedirectiontothetradewends.thewindisvariable.polareasterlies /极地东风带： at high latitude， 最大

7、可变表面当前/表层流， thewindpushtheseasurfacetocreatingsurfacecurrents.thesurfacecurrentsmoveat 45从wind.the wind -驱动的surfacecurrents uge， moreorlesscircularsystemscalledgyres .Ocean gyres /大洋环流、currentsregulateearthtemperature、 waterisparticularlygoodattransportheatwarmcurrentsonthewesternsidefromequatortohi

8、ghlatitudes.coldcurrentsflowintheopposite tion ophenomenon laninaphenomenon marineorganismdistributionrelatedtogyres、oceangyresandoceansurfacetemperature、Wave、Crest/山3 波高： verticaldistancebetweentroughtocrestwavelength/波长3360 betweenonecresttonextcrestoronetroughtonexttroughwaveperiod /波时： thetimeaw

9、avetakestogobyanygivenpoint， wave motion underthecrestwavemoveupandforward、andundertroughtheyarepullbackanddown.aswavepass、water dont go anywhere。 just move in circle，stormwindpushthewavecrestsupintosharppeaksandstretchesoutthetroughstocreateseas /波浪，和then swell /。 whenthewavesapproachshoreandgetint

10、oshallowwater，it “pile up”，becomingherandsteepandformingsurf /碎波.涌波Wave (tsunami/海啸波) thah Spring tide/大潮、风暴潮Neap tide/小潮、低潮Semidiurnal tide/半日日日、Tide/潮汐、世界发展中心peoftide、Why are there tide、 thetidesarecausedbyacombinationofthegravityofthesunandmoonandthecentrifugalforcethatresultsfromtherotationofthe

11、earth。 moon and sun. (fig.3.29-3.31) /潮水是由于太阳和月亮的综合引力和太阳和地球和月亮旋转时产生的离心力的共同作用而产生的，Fig.3.31，八分潮法，风暴潮时=0.8的风暴潮时12h24min .是下一个风暴潮时的某个风暴潮时6h12min Critic thinking，mosttsunamisoccurinthepacificocean.howwouldyouexplain如果某个食人魔变焦的间隔约为5小时的话。 如果有一天是农历的20，这天的风暴潮和低潮分别是几点，Team work，firstgroupintroductionofspongeswhat