美国数学建模MCM_ICM论文.ppt

1、Introduction to Writing Papers in English,Harbin Institute of Technology Ge Hong,主要内容,第一部分 科学论文的语言特点 语体 词汇 句式结构 第二部分 怎样写作论文主体项目 标题 作者与作者单位 关键词 摘要 引言 结果 讨论与结论 致谢,第一部分 科学论文的语言特点,语体（Linguistic Style),科学论文通常包括摘要、前言、观测（或实验）、结果与分析、结论、讨论等部分 科技文体：语言表达方式具有抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性 科技文体特性：语义上的准确性、非形象性、没有明显的感情色彩和叙述的客观性,词

2、汇（Vocabulary),词汇的专业性强 如：work, field ,power, normal distribution 词义专一 如： 技术规范词 日常用词 absorb take in discover find out observe look at transmit pass on 选用词义明确、概念鲜明的行为动词 如：indicate, show, illustrate, demonstrate, review, report, outline, describe, explain,verify, prove, confirm, define, determine, enume

3、rate, compare, contrast, investigate, develop, conclude 等等。 多用复合词 如：self-design, cross-sectional, dust-free, water-proof, input-orientation, piece-wise-linear 利用缩略词 如：e.g., i.e., vs.（与相对), ibid.(出处相同），etc., cit.(在上述引文中), et al.(等人), viz.(即,就是), DEA (data envelopment analysis), OLS(Ordinary least-squ

4、ares),反义词应用广泛 如: positive-negative; linear- nonlinear; regular-irregular; connect-disconnect; divisible-indivisible; organic-inorganic; effective-ineffective; parametric- nonparametric; 多用名词群 如: data transmission systems; high precision instrument;,句式结构(Sentence Structure),陈述句多 科学论文中,在描述实验、说明现象、明确定义

5、、表达定理、定律和原理时，多用陈述句，很少使用疑问句，几乎不用感叹句 如：Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings this is all the work of science. Generally speaking, neither gold nor stone are soluble in water.,祈使句多 科学研究论文的一个重要标准，就是所述理论的可解释性，所做实验具有可重复性,不论谁照此去做都可以做成。因此,没有必要指明主语。一般来说，

6、祈使句多用于命题、解题、顺序论证、实验指导、操作说明、工艺介绍、文献注释等部分。如： Now let K equal to zero, then we obtain the following equation. Fill in the tube with cold water, and heat the tube to 100.,复合句多 科学技术是研究外界事物的发展变化规律极其应用的学问。为了十分准确地反映事物内在联系，就需要严密的逻辑思维，而这种思维内容反映在语言的形式上，就必然是并列关系和多种主从关系的长句。如: An electric current which reverses i

7、ts direction at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated to a.c. ,“It be +形容词（分词）+that ”句型 为了叙述方便，避免句子滞重，英文科技论文写作中常用 it 作形式主语。如： It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a

8、 number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped. It has been shown though the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral.,As 引出的简略句 英文科技论文中常用As引出的多种主动、被动简略形式，如：as the illustration shows; as

9、has been stated above; as in figure 2; as follows 等。 多用三种基本时态 由于科学论文描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，其英语句中谓动词的时态主要采用一般现在时。在有表示过去的时间状语，或叙述过去发生过的事实这样的情况下，才使用一般过去时。若强调过去发生的事实对现在仍有影响，则用现在完成时。,常用被动语态 英文科技论文中的被动语态较多，这是因为：第一，被动语态结构比主动语态结构更少主观色彩，描述客观事实，进行逻辑推理，正需要这种特征；第二，被动语态更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子的主语位置上，就更能引人注目；第三，在很多情况下

10、，被动结构比主动结构更简短。在论文写作中，最好是主被动句式交替使用，兼而有之，以使句型多样化。如： It is argued; The importance of the concept is emphasized; A set of necessary and sufficient conditions is examined.,虚拟语气的使用 科技论文中的很多内容都是有关科学家们对事物和现象的论证和探讨，因此，常常涉及到各种条件，所以在不少场合下有必要应用虚拟语气。此外，科学家们在表示他们对各种问题的看法时，为了使口气委婉，也往往使用虚拟语气。如： It would then appear

11、 that a better compromise could have been achieved. In a frictionless machine, the inequality of the above equation would become an equality.,第二部分 怎样写作论文主体项目,正文主体结构,Abstract Introduction Methodology(Material and Method) Results Conclusion(Concluding remarks, Summary),标题（Title),基本功能：概括全文；吸引读者；便于检索 语言

12、特点：一般不用完整的句子；多用名词 词组或动名词，如: Database Logic, Conference Interpreting and Its Effect Evaluation, Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods，Introducing Management into 写作要求 ： 1. 简短 论文标题一般在10个字内，最多不超过15个词。,2. 避免标题空洞和笼统 如: Computer Retrieval (计算机检索)应该为”Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics”或 “Computer Retrie

13、val on Conference Information”。 3. 不加冗余套语 英文科技论文的标题中一般不加用“Regarding”,“Studies on ” “Investigation on ”, “Observation on ”, “The Method of ”, “Some thought on”, “A research on”等冗余套语 。,4. 少用问题性标题 5. 避免名词与动名词混杂使用 如:标题是 “The Treatment of Heating and Eutechticum of Steel” 宜改为 “Heating and Eutechticuming

14、of Steel” 6. 避免使用非标准化的缩略语 论文标题要求简洁,但一般不使用缩略语 ,更不能使用非标准化的缩略语 。,作者与作者单位(Author 注明现地址(present address)和永久地址 (permanent address),关键词（Keywords),基本功能：顾名思义；便于检索 语言特点：多用名词；字数有限（4-6）；出处明确 写作要求 :论文的关键字一般列在作者与单位之下，论文摘要之上。也有列在论文摘要之下的。关键词除第一个字母大写外，一般不要求大写。关键词间用逗号、分号或大间隔隔开。最末一个关键词一般不加用逗号、分号或句号。,摘要(Abstract),基本功能：

15、概括全文的缩影；决定取舍的依据；扩大流通的媒介 语言特点： 1. 短小精悍 2. 类别分明 概括型摘要 概括型摘要讲的是 “本文关于什么”、 “本文反映什么”， 内容上比较宏观，概述论文的主要论点、分析过程和结论，长度一般在50至200字之间，通常至少由三个句子组成。每个句子综述论文的一个章节或段落的内容。这类型的,摘要多用于理论性较强的的论文。 信息型摘要 它强调“本文包涵了什么”， “本文做了些什么”，内容比较微观，它不但综述论文的主要内容、要旨、重点，而且需要列出有关的具体数据、实验结果以及采用的方法。这一类型的摘要多用于实验性或技术性较强的论文，其长度一般相当于整篇论文的1/15至1/

16、25。 3. 结构固定 摘要大体上遵循 “三段式” 章法,即通常由开头、展开和结尾三部分构成。,主题句= what 指出论文主要是什么内容 展开句= how 进一步阐明主题句的具体内容，指出研究方法、分析过程及论证的要点等。 结尾句= what 是全文作出的结论或补充交代等，即得出何种结论、结果或其意义。 4. 内容完整 完整的内容主要包括四个方面:研究的目的和范围； 研究的方法； 研究的结果； 作者对研究的主要结论等。,写作要求 : 1. 避免过于简单 如: In this paper, reconstruction of many holograms are presented by co

17、mputer with an analyzed mathematical model. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results. The authors conclude that the process consumes 5% less fuel and turns out 12% more power. 2. 避免句子结构单调呆板 如:,The influence of is discussed. Some design considerations are

18、given. A practical construction is shown. The method with high precision is presented. The measured stability data are also given. 3. 避免使用非通用的缩略语 4. 删除冗余词语 如: After an extended series of repeated experiments over a long period we concluded that 5. 注意时态用法,摘要提到本研究的内容时使用现在时。如 In this paper we introduce

19、 the minimum-order approach to frequency assignment and present a theory which relates this approach to the traditional one. 摘要提到对实验部分的描述时使用过去时。 A constant 2mm depth of cut was maintained throughout the tests. 摘要中提到本研究以前的情况，前人的结论 或本人以前的发现，要使用过去完成时。,It has been the case that The author had found that

20、 摘要中提到本研究今后的打算，或研究结果可能产生的影响和效益，这时则使用一般将来时。例如： This paper will give a description of a simple yet effective method for the achievement of improved values from an analogue of analysis. This technology will probably find application in making parts for space flight. 6. 不使用疑问句和感叹句,引言(Introduction),基本功能：

21、引入主题内容；限定研讨范围；说明论文目的；交代写作安排 引言内容的安排可以有较大的伸缩性，但基本内容应包括研究背景、存在问题、研究目的、主要结论和论文框架。 语言特点： 常以简述研究的背景入手； 常以回顾以往的历史展开； 常以解决现存的问题承转； 常以开展本文的研究落笔。,写作要求 : 简要综述有关文献,以作为背景材料； 1. 在背景介绍和问题的提出中，应引用最相关的文献，优先选择引用的文献应包括相关研究中的经典、重要和最有说服力的文献。文献回顾至少有一二个段落。 2. 引述其他学者的研究行为时通常采用一般过去时。Chen(1992) showed (found, reported, note

22、d, suggested, observed, pointed out) that the water boils at 100C. Somebody reported,but,The suggestion onwas given by however The experiment on was carried by The research on was made by 3. 描述特定领域中最近的某种趋势，或强调表示某些最近发生的事件对现在的影响时，常用现在完成时。如： In recent years, a variety of standards have been proposed in

23、 literatures. The results made by have shown Recent experiments by have suggested The previous work onhas indicated,提出研究问题 1.指出存在问题的方法通常有以下几种形式： （1）以前的学者尚未研究或处理不够完善的重要课题； （2）过去的研究衍生出有待探讨的新问题； （3）以前学者曾提出两个以上互不相容的理论和观点，而且必须作进一步研究，才能解决的问题； （4）过去的研究很自然可以扩展到新的题目或领域，或以前提出的方法或技术可以改善或扩展到新的应用范围。,2. 提出问题的表达方式

24、 However, little is known about X 或 little literature is available on X However, few studies have been done on (published on) X 或 little attention has been devoted to X Although much research has been done on,little work has been done on 或 X has been studied extensively, but little attention has bee

25、n devoted to,叙述前人的欠缺以强调自己的创新时，可以采用如下的表达： To the authors knowledge; There is little information available in literature about; Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about; 明确研究的目的 The purpose (aim, objective) of this paper is to analyze the effect of X on Y. This paper presents( reports, de

26、scribes, discusses) the results of experiments in which X is mixed with Y.,In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for sorting X. In this paper, experimental results are presented to show that X. In this paper, we will argue( attempt to show) that This paper will propose (present, evaluate, discus

27、s) a new method for analyzing X (a theory that attempts to explain X) The primary focus of this paper is on 交代本文写作安排 This paper is divided into five major sections as follows,Section One of this paper opens with Section Three develops the second hypothesis on In this paper, data and results are pres

28、ented under major heading of Section 1 shows (introduces, reveals, treats, develops, deals with) In section 4, we will present experimental results that confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result of is given in the last section. Section 5 presents concluding remarks.,结果 (Result),基本

29、功能：浓缩观察的事实；归纳实验的发现；分析研究的结果 语言特点： 时态上多用现在时或过去时； 句式上多用简单句和虚拟语气； 表达上常附以图表和论证分析； The results are shown in Table 1. The test results presented in Fig.2 show As Figure 2 shows, the temperature increased rapidly.,写作要求 : 对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼。 数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式，尤其要突出有科学意义和具有代表性的数据结果。 文字表达要准确、简洁，避免使用冗长的词汇来介绍或

30、解释图表。避免把图表的序号作为段落的主体句，应在句子中指出图表所揭示的结论，并把图表的序号放在括号中。如： Fig. 1 shows the relationship between A and B. A was significantly higher than B at all time points checked (Fig.1).,表达“比较”时，避免使用“compared with”，应直接明确指出比较的结果。如： X was significantly increased compared with Y (Fig.1). X was significantly higher tha

31、n Y (Fig.1). 对研究中成功的结果或结果中成功的部分，是结果的核心，应予以评述和比较； After flight of less than two hours,11% of the army pilot and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. It appears that because of their greater accumulated flying time, civilian pilots are subject to higher incidence of back pain.,The results ag

32、ree well with the findings of Smith, et.al. The theoretical model fits the experimental data well. The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate. Our algorithm required consistently less processing time than Chens algorithm. The values predicted by our model have a smaller degree of erro

33、r than the values generated by Rickerts model do.,讨论与结论 (Discussion and conclusion),基本功能：回顾研究目的和假设；概述重要结果；申明研究局限；指出结果的理论意义和实际意义;指出争议的问题；得出最后的结论 语言特点： 时态上多用现在时、过去时； 句式上多用简单句、虚拟语气或从句；如： This research investigated the effects of two different learning methods. We originally assumed that worker who enjo

34、yed a greater degree of privacy would be more satisfied with their jobs.,写作要求 : 对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚 讨论的重点要集中于作者的主要论点，尽量给出研究结果所能反映的原理、关系和普遍意义。 观点或结论的表达要清楚、明确。 尽可能清楚地指出作者的观点和结论，并解释支持还是反对已有的认识。此外，要大胆地讨论工作的理论意义和可能的实际意义以及该项研究的新颖性和重要性。如： The results of this study may lead to the development of. Our findings may be useful to . The technique presented in this paper should be useful in.,对结果的科学意义和实用效果的表达要实事求是，