计算机系统一些专业名词的中文英文对照

1、2009-11-6 11:53 上传下载附件 (261 Bytes) 二，计算机组成原理中英对照篇Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardwa

2、re.计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。Every computer has four basic hardware components:每台计算机都有如下4种基本硬件部件:? Input devices. 输入设备? Output devices. 输出设备? Main memory.主存储器? Central processing unit(CPU).中央处理器A PROCESSOR 处理器A processor is composed of two functional units

3、a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unitand a set of special workspaces called registers.处理器由两个功能部件(控制部件和算术逻辑部件)与一组称为寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。The Control Unit 控制部件The Arithmetic and Logic Unit算术逻辑部件Registers寄存器MEMORY SYSTEMS 存储系统Memory Devices存储器RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY随机存储器READ-ONLY MEMORY只读存储器MAGNETIC DISKS磁盘C

4、D-ROMS 只读光盘MAGNETIC TAPE 磁带INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM 输入输出(I/O系统)Programmed I/O(程序控制I/O)Programmed I/O，also known as direct I/O，is accomplished by a program executing on the processor itself to control the I/O operations and transfer the data.程序控制I/O，又称直接I/O，由在处理器上执行的程序去控制I/O操作和传送数据。Memory-Mapped I/O(存储器映射

5、I/O)Memory-Mapped I/O is another form of programmed I/O that maps the device connections to bits in memory address space，存储器映射I/O是另一种程序控制I/O，它把I/O设备连接映射成存储器地址空间中的位组，Interrupt I/O(中断I/O)Because of the low efficiency of pure programmed or memory-mapped I/O in high-performance system，so interrupt is pr

6、oduced.由于对高性能系统来说纯程序控制I/O或存储器映射I/O的效率都很低，所以又出现了中断方式。Coprocessor I/O(协处理器I/O)When the processor is being used to control I/O and move the data，there is a loss of processor efficiency. Thus the idea naturally arises to use a second processor or coprocessor for I/O.当处理器用于控制I/O和传送数据时，其效率下降。因而自然会想到用第二个处理

7、器或协处理器去处理I/O。I/O devices输入输出设备:1.INTERACTIVE INPUT 交互性输入2.DIRECT INPUT直接输入3.SPEECH RECOGNITION语音识别4.SENSOR INPUT传感器输入5.DISPLAY OUTPUTS 显示输出6.PRINTERS FOR DOCUMENT OUTPUTS 文本打印机BUSES AND CONTROLLERS 总线和控制器Centralized Control.A single hardware control unit will recognize a request and grant access to

8、the bus to a requesting device.It is the responsibility of the controller to resolve simultaneous requests and assign priority to the requests.At least three designs are used for centralized controllers:daisy chain，polling with a global counter，and polling with local counters.集中式控制。用一个控制器硬件去识别总线请求并允

9、许请求设备去访问总线。该控制器的责任是处理同时来的多个请求并对这些请求安排优先级。集中式控制器至少有3种方式:菊花链式、带全局计数器的轮询和带局部计数器的轮询。Distributed Control.Distributed control，also known as decentralized control，distributes the control function between all the devices on the bus.The major advantage of decentralized control is that the system is easily ex

10、pandable by the addition of modules.As with centralized control，there are three basic designs:daisy chain，polling，and independent requests.分布式控制。分布式控制又称分散式控制，它把控制功能分布在总线上的所有设备中。分散式控制的主要优点是通过增加模块使系统容易扩充。与集中式控制一样，分散式控制也有3种基本方式:菊花链、轮询和独立请求。Synchronous Communication. 同步通信Asynchronous Communication.异步通信三

11、，计算机术语-编程语言篇api(application programming inte*ces，应用程序接口)ascii(american standard code for information interchange，美国国家标准信息交换代码)atl: activex template library(activex模板库)basic:beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code(初学者通用指令代码)com: component object model(组件对象模式)dna: distributed internet applicat

12、ion(分布式因特网应用程序)mfc: microsoft foundation classes(微软基础类库)sdk(software development kit，软件开发工具包)windowsce(consumer electronics，消费电子)dcom: distributing component object model，构造物体模块dhcp: dynamic host configuration protocol，动态主机分配协议dmf: distribution media formatgdi(graphics device inte*ce，图形设备接口)gui(grap

13、hics user inte*ce，图形用户界面)gpf(general protect fault，一般保护性错误)hta: hypertext application，超文本应用程序inf file(information file，信息文件)ini file(initialization file，初始化文件)ndis: network driver inte*ce specification，网络驱动程序接口规范nt(new technology，新技术)qos: quality of service，服务质量rrvp: resource reservation protocol(资源

14、保留协议)rtos(real time operating systems，实时操作系统)sbfs: * boot flag specification，简单引导标记规范vefat: virtual file allocation table(虚拟文件分配表)(vxd，virtual device drivers，虚拟设备驱动程序)wdm(windows driver model，视窗驱动程序模块)winsock: windows socket，视窗套接口whql: windows hardware quality labs，windows硬件质量实验室whs: windows Xing ho

15、st，视窗脚本程序zam: zero administration for windows，零管理视窗系统加密ecc: elliptic curve crypto(椭圆曲线加密)set: secure electronic transaction(安全电子交易)语言css: cascading style sheets，层叠格式表dcd: X content deXion for xml: xml文件内容描述dtd: X type definition，文件类型定义html(hypertext markup language，超文本标记语言)jvm: X virtual machine, X虚

16、拟机oji: open X vm inte*ce，开放X虚拟机接口sgml: standard generalized markup language，标准通用标记语言smil: synchronous multimedia integrate language(同步多媒体集成语言)vrml:virtual reality makeup language，虚拟现实结构化语言vxml(voice extensible markup language，语音扩展标记语言)xml: extensible markup language(可扩展标记语言)xsl: extensible style she

17、et language(可扩展设计语言)四，计算机术语-服务器/Server篇c2c: card-to-card interleaving，卡到卡交错存取cc-numa(cache-coherent non uniform memory access，连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址)chrp(common hardware reference platform，共用硬件平台，ibm为powerpc制定的标准，可以兼容mac os, windows nt, solaris, os/2,linux和aix等多种操作系统)emp: emergency management port，紧急事件管理端口icmb

18、: inter-chassis management bus, 内部管理总线mpp(massive parallel processing，巨量平行处理架构)mux: data path multiplexor，多重路径数据访问五，计算机术语-打印机和扫描仪篇打印机 / Printeraas(automatic area seagment?)dpi(dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素)ecp(extended capabilities port，延长能力端口)epp(enhanced parallel port，增强形平行接口)ipp(internet printing protoco

19、l，因特网打印协议)ppm(* per minute，页/分)spp(standard parallel port，标准并行口)tet(text enhanced technology，文本增强技术)usbdcdpd(universal serial bus device class definition for printing devices，打印设备的通用串行总线级标准)vd(variable dot，变点式列印)扫描仪 / Scannertwain(toolkit without an interesting name)协议六，计算机术语-磁盘和光驱篇磁盘 / Diskaat(aver

20、age access time，平均存取时间)abs(auto balance system，自动平衡系统)asmo(advanced storage magneto-optical，增强形光学存储器)ast(average seek time，平均寻道时间)ata(at attachment，at扩展型)atomm(advanced super thin-layer and high-output metal media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体)bps(bit per second，位/秒)cam(common access model，公共存取模型)css(common command s

21、et，通用指令集)dma(direct memory access，直接内存存取)dvd(digital video disk，数字视频光盘)eide(enhanced integrated drive electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器)fat(file allocation tables，文件分配表)fdbm(fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达)fdc(floppy disk controller，软盘驱动器控制装置)fdd(floppy disk driver，软盘驱动器)gmr(giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻)hda

22、(head disk assembly，磁头集合)hifd(high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘)ide(integrated drive electronics，电子集成驱动器)lba(logical block addressing，逻辑块寻址)mbr(master boot record，主引导记录)mtbf(mean time before failure，平均故障时间)pio(programmed input output，可编程输入输出模式)prml(partial response maximum likelihood，最大可能部分反应，用于提高磁盘读写

23、传输率)rpm(rotation per minute，转/分)rsd: removable storage device(移动式存储设备)scsi(small computer system inte*ce，小型计算机系统接口)scma:scsi configured auto magically，scsi自动配置s.m.a.r.t.(self-monitoring， analysis and reporting technology，自动监测、分析和报告技术)sps(shock protection system，抗震保护系统)sta(scsi trade association，scsi

24、同业公会)ultra dma(ultra direct memory access，超高速直接内存存取)lvd(low voltage differential)seagate硬盘技术discwizard(磁盘控制软件)dst(drive self test，磁盘自检程序)seashield(防静电防撞击外壳)光驱 CD-Romatapi(at attachment packet inte*ce)bcf(boot catalog file，启动目录文件)bif(boot image file，启动映像文件)cdr(cd recordable，可记录光盘)cd-rom/xa(cd-rom ext

25、ended architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构)cdrw(cd-rewritable，可重复刻录光盘)clv(constant linear velocity，恒定线速度)dae(digital audio extraction，数据音频抓取)ddss(double dynamic suspension system，双悬浮动态减震系统)ddss ii(double dynamic suspension system ii，第二代双层动力悬吊系统)pcav(part constant angular velocity，部分恒定角速度)vcd(video cd，视频cd)七，IT行业手

26、机词汇中英文对照篇bluetooth:蓝牙技术(无线耳机接听)Wi-Fi:wireless Fidelity 无线保真(即“小灵通”所采用的技术)Hi-Fi: High Fldelity 高保真3-G:Generation Three 第三代PHS:Personal Handyphone System 个人手提移动电话系统Walkie-Talkie:步话机Gotone:全球通-这个应该太熟悉不过了吧GPS:Global Positioning System 全球定位系统Monternet:Mobile+Internet 移动梦网-我们这儿有，不知道大家那有没有，我还有梦网邮箱GPRS:Gene

27、ral Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务-这个很重要哦，要掌握SMS:Short Message Service 短信服务-最最流行的serviceMMS:Multi-media Messaging Service 多媒体信息服务SIM卡:Subscriber Identity Module 客户身份识别卡-现在知道SIM的全称是什么了吧，GSM:Global System For Mobile Communications 全球移动通信系统WAP:Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议(即使手机具有上网功能)PAS:Personal

28、 Access System 个人接入系统(如“小灵通”)CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access 码多分址-超级重点哦pre-paid Phone Card:储值卡Roaming:漫游Voice Prompt:语音提示WLANs:Wireless Local Area Networks 无线局域网DV:Digital Video 数码摄像机3-D:Three-Dimension 三维LCD:Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示八，计算机术语-主板Main Board篇（上）adimm(advanced dual in-line memory mo

29、dules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块)amr(audio/modem riser;音效/调制解调器主机板附加直立插卡)aha(accelerated hub architecture，加速中心架构)ask ir(amplitude shift keyed infra-red，长波形可移动输入红外线)atx: at extend(扩展型at)bios(basic input/output system，基本输入/输出系统)cse(configuration space enable，可分配空间)db: device bay，设备插架dmi(desktop management inte*ce，桌面

30、管理接口)eb(expansion bus，扩展总线)eisa(enhanced industry standard architecture，增强形工业标准架构)emi(electromagnetic interference，电磁干扰)escd(extended system configuration data，可扩展系统配置数据)fbc(frame buffer cache，帧缓冲缓存)firewire(火线，即ieee1394标准)fsb: front side bus，前置总线，即外部总线fwh( firmware hub，固件中心)gmch(graphics & memory c

31、ontroller hub，图形和内存控制中心)gpis(general purpose inputs，普通操作输入)ich(input/output controller hub，输入/输出控制中心)ir(infrared ray，红外线)irda(infrared ray，红外线通信接口可进行局域网存取和文件共享)isa: industry standard architecture，工业标准架构isa(instruction set architecture，工业设置架构)mdc(mobile daughter card，移动式子卡)mrh-r(memory repeater hub，内

32、存数据处理中心)mrh-s(sdram repeater hub，sdram数据处理中心)mth(memory transfer hub，内存转换中心)ngio(next generation input/output，新一代输入/输出标准)p64h(64-bit pci controller hub，64位pci控制中心)pcb(printed circuit board，印刷电路板)pcba(printed circuit board assembly，印刷电路板装配)pci: peripheral component interconnect，互连外围设备pci sig(peripheral component interconnect special interest group，互连外围设备专业组)post(power on self test，加电自测试)rng(random number generator，随机数字发生器) 九，计算机术语-主板Main Board篇（下）rtc: real time clock(实时时钟)kbc: keybroad control(键盘控制器)sap: sideband address port(边带寻址端口)sba: sid