国际服务贸易双语2012版(1)

1、International Trade in Services,CAI-ChunlinSince September 1,2012,国际服务贸易双语教案,Exports and imports of commercial services by region, 2011,a:Values and shares include intra-EU trade. Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any ter

2、ritory.Source: WTO and UNCTAD Secretariats.,World trade in commercial services by region and selected country, 2011 $bn and %,Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2011( $bn and %),International Services Trade,Overview The GATS The Basic Economics of Services Trade F

3、inancial Services Trade in Infrastructure Services Transport Services Trade in Services Telecommunications Trade in Health Services,The Definition of SERVICE,Service is A type of economic activity that is intangible, is not stored and does not result in ownership. A service is consumed at the point

4、of sale. Services are one of the two key components of economics, the other being goods.,Definition of Service Sector,Service Sector is The portion of the economy that produces intangible goods. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the service sector primarily consists of truck transportation, messe

5、nger services and warehousing; information sector services; securities, commodities and other financial investment services; rental and leasing services; professional, scientific and technical services; administrative and support services; waste management and remediation; health care and social ass

6、istance; and arts, entertainment and recreation services.,Definition of Trade in Services,Trade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. Trade in services takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal te

7、rms, based in different countries, or economies, this is called International Trade in Services.,International trade in services is defined by the Four Modes of Supply of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). (Mode 1) Cross border trade, which is defined as delivery of a service from th

8、e territory of one country into the territory of other country; (Mode 2) Consumption abroad - this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country; (Mode 3) Commercial presence - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the te

9、rritory of any other country, and (Mode 4) Presence of natural persons - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory of any other country.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,The performance of the services sector is vital for growth and po

10、verty reduction in developing countries. Directly because services are already a large if not the largest part of their economy.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Indirectly because services like finance, communication, and transport, as well as education and health, affect other sectors of the economy and the product

11、ive potential of the people.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Today, in many countries around the world, inadequate access to services hurts people, not just in their role as consumers, it also perpetuates poverty by undermining the productivity of firms and farms as well as their ability to engage in trade.,广东工业大学新兴

12、经济体研究所,When we talk about trade in services, it is not just trade in the conventional sense where a product is produced in one country and sold to consumers in another countrybut we mean the whole range of international transactions, including foreign investment and international movement of people,

13、 as consumers or providers of services.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Thus, services trade encompasses: cross border trade in road and air transport; consumption by foreigners of tourism services; foreign direct investment in banking, communication, and distribution; and the temporary migration of doctors, teacher

14、s, and construction workers.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Put this way, it is obvious that trade in services matters, not just for the state of the services sector but for overall economic performance.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,The World Bank and others have done considerable work on trade in goods. We have also been engage

15、d in services sector reform in telecommunications, finance, transport, tourism, health, and education.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Many countries have, of course, implemented significant reforms in services sectors, often with World Bank support, and liberalization has been a part of these reforms.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究

16、所,But the outcomes have not always been satisfactory, especially in terms of improved access to services. It is essential to understand why. What could we have done better? What can we do better?,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,This Handbook shows that while openness and competition are necessary parts of a reform p

17、rogram, they are not sufficient. There is a need to strengthen the regulatory framework and institute complementary policies that widen access to services.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Small countries in particular need also to pursue deeper regional integration to benefit from the economies of scale that are imp

18、ortant in services from telecom to transport.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Part I The framework of Trade in Services,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,1. Overview Introduction International trade and investment in services are an increasingly important part of global commerce. Advances in information and telecommunication technolog

19、ies have expanded the scope of services that can be traded cross-border.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Many countries now allow foreign investment in newly privatized and competitive markets for key infrastructure services, such as energy, telecommunications, and transport.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,More and more people are

20、traveling abroad to consume tourism, education, and medical services, and to supply services ranging from construction to software development.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,In fact, services are the fastest growing components of the global economy, and trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in services have gr

21、own faster than in goods offer the past decade and a half.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,International transactions, however, continue to be impeded by policy barriers, especially to foreign investment and the movement of service-providing individuals. Developing countries in particular are likely to benefit signi

22、ficantly from further domestic liberalization and the elimination of barriers to their exports.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Indeed, income gains from a reduction in protection to services may be multiples of those from trade liberalization in goods. The increased dynamism of open services sectors can make the di

23、fference between rapid and sluggish growth.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所, But the benefits from services liberalization are by no means automatic. Significant challenges exist in introducing genuine competition, building the regulatory institutions,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,that are needed to remedy market failures, appropr

24、iately sequencing service-sector reforms, and establishing mechanisms that promote the availability of essential services especially among the poor.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Even though governments can initiate reforms of services unilaterally, international engagement can play an important catalytic role.,广东

25、工业大学新兴经济体研究所,In recognition of their rising role in international trade and the need for further liberalization, services were included in the multilateral trade architecture of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the form of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Servic

26、es have featured prominently as well in the process of WTO accession. And services are increasingly important in the large and growing network of regional, and especially, of NorthSouth trade agreements concluded of late or still under negotiation.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所, In the negotiations under the Doha

27、Development Agenda, however, services have received surprisingly little attention. Much of the public discourse has focused on protectionist policies in agriculture.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,The neglect can be costly. The potential gains from reciprocal liberalization of trade in services are likely to be sub

28、stantial, and progress in services may be necessary for a positive outcome in other areas.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,However, for these and future negotiations to be fruitful, countries must recognize mutual interests in reciprocal liberalization, supported by broader international cooperation.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,

29、First of all, developing countries must see the advantages of international agreement to increase competition in services, enhance credibility of potential domestic reform, and strengthen domestic regulation.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,But global cooperation is needed to provide support for developing countries

30、 at four levels: in devising sound policy, strengthening the regulatory institutions, enhancing participation in the development of international standards, and in ensuring access to essential services in the poorest areas.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Second, industrial and developing countries must see advantag

31、es to allowing the temporary movement of individual service providers.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Facilitating such movement will require greater cooperation between source and host countries than has been provided for in the framework of GATS and other regional trade agreements and may be more feasible in a bi

32、lateral context.,For example, source countries could undertake to screen services providers and to accept and facilitate their return, and host countries would undertake to ensure that skilled migration stays temporary.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Third, all countries must lock in the current openness of cross-b

33、order trade in a range of services.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Such trade is probably the most dynamic dimension of international trade, in which both industrial and developing countries have a growing stake, but offer which looms the specter of protectionism provoked by the potential costs of adjustment.,广东工业大

34、学新兴经济体研究所,Finally, there is a strong case for regional cooperation in services. Most regional agreements in services have followed mechanically the precedent of regional agreements in goods, and the framework of the GATS or NAFTA, and focused on the elimination of explicit barriers to the entry of s

35、ervice providers.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,But perhaps the greatest cost of the existing approach is that it may have diverted attention and negotiating resources away from an area of much greater benefit in the regional context:,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,cooperation on infrastructure services and regulation. Such coope

36、ration we show is both more feasible and desirable in the regional context with proximate countries at a similar level of development than in the multilateral or EPA context.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,In view of the increasing importance of international trade in services, ongoing domestic reforms, and the inc

37、lusion of services issues on the agendas of the multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade negotiations, there is an obvious need on the part of trade officials, advisors, analysts, representatives of business and consumer associations,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,and students to enhance their understanding of t

38、he economic implications of services trade and liberalization. A Handbook of International Trade in Services has been produced with the objective of contributing to this improved understanding.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,Before turning to the individual chapters, some additional background information that plac

39、es the services issues in context may be helpful for Handbook users.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,In what follows, we first discuss the four modes of supply of services that are covered by the GATS, the sources of services data, and the services growth experiences of selected countries and regions.,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所,We then discuss how services reform can promote efficiency and growth at the sectoral level and economy-w