高三英语 阅读专题 推理判断题学案

1、湖南省长沙县实验中学2013届高三英语阅读专题：推理判断题学案在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：1) 不能主观臆想，随意揣测，不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2) 不能断章取义，以偏概全。3) 要体会作者的态度，悟出作者的言外之意，弦外之音。4) 要确定推理答案的依据和线索的位置或范围。这种问题的提问方式通常有：(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be i

2、nferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .(2) We can infer from the text that/ What can we learn from? / We can conclude from thepassage that(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that . (4) The author implies that by the year 2080, . (5) To s

3、olve the present social problems the author suggests that we should . (6) The author mentions the fact thatto show .(7) This passage would most likely be found in _?(8) The authors attitude toward is _?(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _?以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型：1 细节推断题 要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如

4、时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。例题：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇)MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security(安全) rules.The expensive trip to church was a surpr

5、ise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is

6、_. A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec villageC. a Canadian working in a customs stationD. an American working in a Canadian church2 因果推断题 根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。例题1：(2008

7、年全国卷I、II B篇)60. Albert was fined because he _ A. failed to obey traffic rules. B. broke the American security rules.C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office.例题2：（2008年全国高考福建卷A篇）Paul Zindels death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.

8、Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the

9、 most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindels autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers

10、 during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindels books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how

11、 to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his

12、 passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?A. His books were widely read by children.B. His books were interesting and helpful to adults.C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature.D. He

13、wrote a number of horror books for young adults.3作者或故事人物态度及观点等推断题做这一类题时一定注意：（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。例题1：（2008年全国高考安徽卷E篇）Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a

14、lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager (十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.Ive seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted

15、that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懒散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, an

16、d his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I dont know what to do with him these days,” she said. “Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.” He hasnt forgotten them. He s just decided that he s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白) that she would like to c

17、ome up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I dont like your dress; its ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other ha

18、s left home.“Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as _.A. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude74. From the second example we can infer that t

19、he parents of the two daughters _.A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after themC. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them75. What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.B. Parents sho

20、uld pay still sore attention to the change.C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers.D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.例题2：（2008年全国高考北京卷C篇）How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair

21、 and respectful?The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces

22、or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain. 64. How would the author describe the animals life in zoos?A. Dangerous. B

23、. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy.(2010年江西卷)Modern inventions have speeded up peoples lives amazingly.All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jetlag; our bodies fee

24、l that they have been left behind in another time zone.However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed to constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing，or even just one thing at a time.we must think of the hard tasks o

25、ur ancestor faced: they farmed with bare hands, often lived close to hunger, and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed people from that primitive existence.70What is the authors attitude towards the modern technology?ACritical. BObjective. COptimistic. DNegative.(2010年

26、天津卷)In the kitchen of my mothers houses there has always been a wooden stand(木架)with a small notepad(记事本)and a hole for a pencil.“Im just amazed you still have the same stand for holding the pad and pencil after all these years.” My mother replies a little sharply. “It works perfectly well. Ive alwa

27、ys kept the stand in the kitchen. I never knew when I might want to note down an idea.”Immediately I can picture her, hair wild, blue housecoat covered in flour, a wooden spoon in one hand, the pencil in the other, her mouth moving silently. My mother smiles and says, “One day I was cooking and watc

28、hing baby Pauline, and I had a brilliant thought.I just picked up the breadboard and wrote it all down on the back. It turned out to be a real breakthrough for solving the mathematical problem I was working on.”This storywhich happened before I was bornreminds me how extraordinary my mother was, and

29、 is also a gifted mathematician.47What is the authors original opinion about the wooden stand?AIt has great value for the family. BIt needs to be replaced by a better one.CIt brings her back to her lonely childhood.DIt should be passed on to the next generation.50In the authors mind，her mother is _A

30、strange in behavior. Bkeen on her research.Cfond of collecting old things. Dcareless about her appearance.4篇章结构推断题例题1：（2008年全国高考湖北卷A篇） Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believ

31、e that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. 59. How does the writer explain birds singing? A. By comparing birds with human being

32、s. B. By reporting experiment results. C. By describing birds daily life. D. By telling a birds story.例题2：（2008年全国高考浙江卷C篇） In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; th

33、e pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.First of all, the job made huge demands on my strengthI stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determ

34、ined never to go back there again. 52. How is the text organized?A. TopicArgumentExplanation B. OpinionDiscussion-DescriptionC. Main ideaComparisonSupporting examples D. IntroductionSupporting examplesConclusion (2010年北京卷)She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall.I called her Goldie. She

35、 was so unsettled during those first few days.We were a long way from home, when she started barking and getting very restless.By the time I reached the farm，I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking (舔) the four puppies (幼犬)，I started to feel sympathy towards them.I must ad

36、mit I do miss Goldie, but Ive got Nugget now.59The passage is organized in order of _.Atime Beffectiveness Cimportance Dcomplexity(2010年江西卷)The Chinese states were.while the Greek citystates.Unlike Confucius, Socrates.Confucius, on the other hand, advised.Confucius suggested .Socrates focused on .Fo

37、r Socrates, the family. For Confucius, however, the family.Both men are respected .67This passage is organized in the pattern of _.Atime and events Bcomparison and contrastCcause and effect Ddefinition and classification5预测题常见的与预测相关的问题主要有：What information will probably be provided following the last

38、 paragraph?What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?What would do in the end?做这类题时应常常要纵览全文，把握作者的写作思路，找出作者已经阐明了哪些问题或观点，然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。注意最后一段的内容，特别留意最后几句话。例题2：（2008年全国高考上海卷C篇）I THIRSTEach day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of worlds children.Across the wo

39、rld, 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation.(卫生设备)The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sickness

40、es in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women, and poverty.Here are three ways you can help:1) Write Congress2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization3) Support nonprofit water organiza

41、tionsNumerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: some organizations are large, other small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia

42、, or Latin America. Support them generously.75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.D. A f

43、ew water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.(2010年湖北卷)In this article，Ill describe three nowin situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first.Second，.Third，.58What will the author most probably discuss in the paragra

44、ph that follows?ACauses for the parentteen conflicts. BExamples of the parentteen war.CSolutions for the parentteen problems. DFuture of the parentteen relationship.(2010年安徽卷)With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful manage

45、ment, especially in agriculture.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the o

46、ther.This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉). much of the water use has been poorly managed.Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserv

47、es.it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.74What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?ASteps to improving water use management.BWays to reduce the costs of building dams.CMeasures to deal with worldwide water shortages.DApproaches to handling the pre

48、ssure on water supply.6. 推断作者、读者身份题提问方式有：1The text is written mainly for _.2Who is the passage written for?3Who are the intended readers of the passage?解答这类试题主要靠理解短文内容，特别要注意体会作者使用的词语和语气。Open Letter to an EditorOur best hope in keeping our best reporters, copy editors, photographers, artistseveryonei

49、s to work harder to make sure they get the help they are demanding to reach their potential. If we cant do it, theyll find someone who can.62Who probably wrote the letter?AAn editor. BAn artist. CA reporter. DA reader.(2009年全国卷)I know lots of women who skip breakfast (不吃早饭), and they have a ton of d

50、ifferent excuses for doing it.But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when youre trying to lose weight.Breakfast is one meal I never miss, and the same goes for most weight loss success stories. Research shows that eating breakfast keeps you from overeating later in the d

51、ay.Breakfast skippers have a bigger chance of gaining weight than those who regularly have a morning meal.I put away the leftovers instead of eating more at night. Try it you may save yourself some prebedtime calories. And watch your body gain the fatburning effects.44The text is written mainly for

52、those _.Awho go to work early Bwho want to lose weightCwho stay up late Dwho eat before sleep7. 推断文章出处该类题的设题形式有： 1The passage is most likely to be taken from _.2Where would this passage most probably appear? 3The passage is most likely a part of _.这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： A报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 B广告：因其格式

53、特殊，容易辨认。C产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。(2010年辽宁卷) Stefania was in a research program, and the scientists in the program were studying body rhythms (节奏)In this experiment Stefania had spent 130 days in a cave, 30 feet in depth.During her time in the cave, Stefania had been complet

54、ely alone except for two white mice. The results were very interesting. How had she spent her time in the cave? The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.70Where does the text probably come from?AA novel. BA news story. CA pet magazine. DA travel guide.(2010年江西

55、卷)CWUThe communication unionHead of ResearchSalary：55.271We are looking for a Head of Research to manage the CWU Research Department and Information Centre.You would be required to.You will need：To apply，please request an application pack by emailing .60In which column of a newspaper could

56、we find this advertisement?AArts. BSales. CJobs. DNews.(2010年湖北卷)This brief book is aimed at high school students, but speaks to anyone learning at any stage of life. Its formal, serious style closely matches its content, a schoolmasterly book on schooling. Only a third of the book remains after that discussion, which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages, math, science and history. My other comment is that the text aged. I recommend it to any student and any teacher, including the selftaught student.66This p