应用化学专业英语lesson9.ppt

1、Lesson 9,Introduction of Physical Chemistry,一、教学内容：通过对本单元的学习，掌握物理化学的相关基本词汇，了解物理化学的基本原理，并掌握相关物理化学英语的翻译技巧。 二、本章节参考文献： English for Chemical Science and Engineering, by Liao shijing, 2002 ,单元简介,Introduction,What is physical chemistry ?,What areas does physical chemistry included ?,How many kinds of equi

2、librium does the equilibrium concept can be divided ?,What is physical chemistry ?,Physical chemistry applies the methods of physics to the study of chemical systems. A chemical system can be studied from either a microscopic or a macroscopic view-point. microscopic macroscopic,宏观的,微观的,The macroscop

3、ic viewpoint studies large-scale properties of matter (e.g., volume, pressure, composition) without explicit use of the molecule concept. 宏观方面研究物质的总体性质(如体积、压力、组分) ，而不清晰地使用分子的概念。,What areas does physical chemistry included ?,We can divide physical chemistry into four main areas: thermodynamics, quant

4、um chemistry, statistical mechanics, and kinetics. 我们可以将物理化学分成4个主要领域：热力学、量子化学、统计力学和动力学。 quantum kinetics,动力学,量子,Molecules and the particles (electrons and nuclei) that compose them do not obey classical Newtonia mechanics; instead their motions are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. classica

5、l Newtonia mechanics 句中的 their 指,经典（牛顿）力学规律,Molecules and the particles,The macroscopic science of thermodynamics is a consequence of what is happening at a molecular (microscopic) level. 宏观科学热力学是在分子（微观）水平上所发生的现象的集合表现。,Statistical mechanics gives insight into why the laws of thermodynamics hold and

6、allows calculation of macroscopic thermodynamics properties from molecular properties. 统计力学说明热力学定律会成立的原因，并能够依靠分子的性质计算出宏观的热力学性质。,The theory of rate processes is not as well developed as the theories of thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. as well as 速率过程的理论并不像热力学、量子力学和统计力学理论那

7、样成熟。,同一样(也),Strictly speaking, the word “molecule”is not part of the vocabulary of thermodynamics; however, we wont adopt a purist attitude but will often refer to molecular concepts to aid in understanding thermodynamics. 严格说来，分子这个概念不属于热力学范畴；然而，我们不会采取绝对的态度，而是参考分子的概念以帮助理解热力学。,The part of the univers

8、e under study in thermodynamics is called the system; the parts of the universe that can interact with the system are called surroundings. system surroundings,系统,环境,For an isolated system, neither matter nor energy can be transferred between system and surroundings. isolated system neither nor,孤立系统,

9、两者都不.,For a closed system, energy but not matter can be transferred between system and surroundings. 对于封闭系统，体系和环境之间没有物质交换但是有能量交换。,An example of a steady state is a metal rod in contact at one end with a large body at 50 and in contact at the other end with a large body at 40. steady state large body

10、,稳态,大载体,After sufficient time has elapsed, the metal rod satisfies condition (a); a uniform temperature gradient is set up along the rod. However, if we remove the rod from contact with its surroundings, the temperature of its parts change until the whole rod is at 45. after sufficient time has elap

11、sed a uniform temperature gradient,在足够长时间之后,均匀的温度梯度,How many kinds of equilibrium does the equilibrium concept can be divided ?,For mechanical equilibrium, there is no unbalanced force acting on or within the system; hence the system undergoes no acceleration, and there is no turbulence within the s

12、ystem. 对于机械平衡，没有不平衡力作用在系统上或作用在系统之内；因此系统没有加速度，系统内没有涡流。,For material equilibrium, no net chemical reactions are occurring in the system, nor is there any net transfer of matter from one part of the system to another. 对于物料平衡，系统内没有净的化学反应发生，也没有从系统的一部分向另一部分的净的物质传递。,For thermal equilibrium between a system and its surroundings, there must be no change in the properties of the system or surroundings when they are separated by a thermally conducting wall. thermal equilibrium thermally conducting wall,热力学平衡,导热壁,Hands-On Chemistry,The atomic weight of an element depends on the abund