英语语法之动词

1、,简单句并列句复合句,代词,动词,冠词,介词和连词,形容词和副词,非谓语动词,动词时态,情态动词,定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句,语法,虚拟语气,词法,句法,系动词,助动词,实义动词,动词语态（主动、被动）,强调,主谓一致,倒装,省略,名词,数词,英语语法动词,by Ariel,动词,动词的分类 动词的各种形式 动词的时态 动词的语态,01,02,03,04,动词,一、动词的分类,四类：实义(行为)动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。 1. 实义动词 意义完整 能够独立作谓语 可细分为：及物动词和不及物动词,1.1 及物动词(vt.必须跟宾语，有被动态）,1）及物动词通常以表示人的名词或代词为宾

2、语： His joke didnt interest me. She tried to comfort him. His speech angered the audience. 2）以表示物的名词为宾语： You can keep the book. “Brush your teeth!” mom said.,3) 及物动词可以跟 “双宾语”(直接宾语和间接宾语)，也可跟“复合宾语”(宾语和宾语补足语)。 People give me their money. In England，people usually call me Jim for short. I found a small b

3、oy cry in the corner yesterday.,1.1 及物动词(vt.必须跟宾语，有被动态）,1.1 及物动词(vt.必须跟宾语，有被动态）,间接宾语有时可以放到后面去（give sth. to sb.句型） 由介词to引起，变成介词短语 He handed his key to the teacher. She lent some money to her friend. 常见动词：take, lend, sell, teach, give, grant, mail, offer, owe, post, etc. 由介词for 引起（for 表示承受者） He bought

4、 a gift for his daughter. He played some ancient Chinese music for us. 常见动词：book, bring, buy, cook, design, find, get, order, paint, keep, etc.,扩展,带省略to的不定式或现在分词-ing作宾补的动词有：make，let，have，see，watch，notice，hear等。 see sb. do/doing sth. 区别在哪？ 带双宾语的动词有：give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pas

5、s, teach, tell, write, read, return等。 回顾to和for,“短语动词”相当于实义动词，但意义往往与原动词有些差别，主要有： 动词介词： 相当于一个及物动词。如：look after“照顾”，look for“寻找”。 动词副词：这类短语动词有的作及物动词，有的作不及物动词。 如：ring up“打电话”(用作及物动词)，look out“小心”(用作不及物动词)。 动词副词介词：这类短语动词一律用作及物动词。 如：do away with“去掉”，go back to“回到(某处)去”，go on with“与(某人)相处”。 动词名词介词：这类短语动词也只

6、能用作及物动词。 如：take care of“照顾”，take part in“参加”。 be形容词介词：这类形容词包括起形容词作用的分词，也相当于及物动词。 如：be ready for“做准备”， be full of“充满”， be interested in“感兴趣”。,1.2 不及物动词（Vi.无宾语，无被动态 ）,Eg: Her back ached. The situation is deteriorating.(局势正在恶化) Birds fly. 许多不及物动词表示运动或待在某处，后面常跟一个表示地点或方向的状语。 The ship sailed westward. The

7、 river flows east into the sea. 常见的这类词:come, drift, flow, glide, go, lie, live, remain, run, etc.,2. 系动词,有词义， 但是不能单独作谓语， 必须和表语一起构成主系表结构 说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份 分类： 状态系动词 持续系动词 感官系动词 变化系动词,2.1 状态系动词,只有be （is/am/are, was/were, to be, being, have been）动词，表示主语的状态。 含义:-是什么，-怎么样，-在哪里 Eg: 我在教室里。 Tom 和 lily是好朋友。 S

8、ally很漂亮。 我昨天在学校。,2.2 持续性动词,表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，有：keep; stay; remain等 Eg： I hope youll keep healthy. He stayed single.,2.3 表象系动词,表示“看起来好像”，有：seem, appear等。 Eg: He seems (to be) quite happy. She appeared calm.,2.4 感官系动词,表示：某物使人产生的感觉。 look 看起来 sound 听起来 smell 闻起来 taste 尝起来 feel 感觉起来 后加形容词 He looks tired.

9、This flower smells very sweet. This kind of cloth feels very soft. This cake tastes delicious.,2.5 变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样，有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. Eg: He became mad . The girl grew thinner and thinner. Soon the sky grew light.,2.5 终止系动词,主要有prove, turn out(结果是，证明是)等 Eg： His story prov

10、ed false. The crops turn out well.,注意：,注一下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词。如： The old mans dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了。 Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了。 注二有些连系动词如seem, appear等后面常跟to be。如： The new text seens to be easy，but actually it is rather difficult. 这篇新课文好像很容易，其实相当难。 She appears to be the g

11、irls sister. 她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。,3. 助动词,本身没有意义，不能单独作谓语。 必须和其他动词连用，帮助其他动词构成时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等。 1. be (am/is/are was/were been being) 2. have （has/had） 3. do (does/did) 4. will(would) must; may(might) 既作情态动词又作实义动词的：need; dare 既作情态动词又作助动词的：will(would); shall(should) 具有情态动词的某些特征的：have to; had better,4.1 can的用法,表示能力

12、，意为“能、会”； 表示推测，意为“可能”；（cant表示“不可能”） 表示请求允许，意为“可以”。 以can开头的一般疑问句，其肯定和否定回答分别用can和cant。 练习： Look! The lights in the teachers office are still on. Is Mr. Li working? No. It _ be Mr. Li. I saw him leave just now. Amay notBmustnt Ccant Dneednt Trees _ fight air pollution. They are natural air conditioners

13、. Ashould Bmust Cneed DCan 注意：Could 可以用作can的过去式表示同样的意思，也可以用来代替can,使语气更加委婉，意思并无差别。,4.2 may 的用法,表示请求、许可，意为“可以”； 表示猜测，意为“可能、也许”等； can与may均可用来征求意见或允许，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用； 以may开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答应用may，而其否定回答则多用mustnt，而不用may not。 练习 Have you decided where to spend your summer holiday? Not yet. We _ go to Qingdao. A

14、must Bshould Cneed Dmay 注：Might可以用作may的过去式，表示同样的意思，might语气更不肯定一些。,4.3 must的用法,表示“必须、应该”； 表示推测，“一定”。must表示推测时一般用于肯定句，在疑问句和否定句中一般应用can。 区别：cant表示“不可能”，mustnt表示禁止，意为“不允许”； 以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答应用must，而否定回答则常用neednt，neednt表示“不需要、不必”，相当于dont have to。 Must I mop up the floor now? No, you _. AneedntBcantCshould

15、nt Dmustnt,4.4 need, dare的用法,（1）need 既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。 need作情态动词时，没有人称和数的变化，后跟动词原形，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 need作实义动词时，有人称、数的变化，后接带to的不定式。(need to do sth.) You neednt come to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. Does she need to come? （2）dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。 H

16、ow dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？) He didnt dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮),4.5 will(would); shall(should) 用法,表示建议或意愿 Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？ will you close the window? I will do anything thing for you.,4.6 have to, had better 用法,（1）have to： 不得不，后加动词原形。变否定和疑问句，则需要助动词do帮助

17、。 We have to go to school. We dont have to go to school. Do you have to go to school? （2）had better： had better do sth. 最好做，后加动词原形。 She had better go there today. 否定：had better not do sth. She had better not go there today.,扩展,比较can和be able to 两者表示能力时用法相同，但can只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表

18、示。 be able to常常有“经过努力做成某件事” 的意味。 must和cant must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。推测的否定形式用cant/couldnt表示。 He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。 Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。,have to 与 must must 必须，表示主观上必须做的事情， have to 不得不，表示客观上必须要的做的

19、事情。 I must study hard. I have to go to school.,二、动词的形式,动词主要有四种形式 现在式：也可称为动词原形，注意第三人称单数情况。 过去式： 规则动词，在现在式后面加-ed后缀构成 不规则动词 过去分词：规则 V.S. 不规则（要背！） 现在分词：动词原形加-ing构成,三、动词的时态,1.一般现在时,概念： 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。时间提示词：always，often，usually，sometimes，once a week，every day等。 (1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作； He always h

20、elps others. 他总是帮助别人。 (2)表示现在的情况或状态； He is a teacher. 他是个老师。 (3)表示客观事实和普遍真理。 The sun rises from the east. 太阳从东边升起。,(4)表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,句子中可以用将来时间。 如：The train for Haikou leaves/arrives at 8：00 in the morning. (5)人的心理活动和感官动作（不用现在进行时表达）,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, t

21、hink(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. I think it is going to snow. I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.,2.一般过去时,表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时（时间点） I got up at 6：00 this morning Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning W

22、hen he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时（时间段） He came to our city in the year 2000.,表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时 Mr. Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去

23、事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。 I happened to meet Rose in the street.,3.一般将来时,表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。 一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, now, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。 用will构成的将来时, “shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。 I will graduate from this school soon. You will stay

24、 alone after I leave. 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。 I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头),一般现在时、现在进行时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态) shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。 如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday? (我们下周六去动物园好吗？) Will you ple

25、ase open the door for me? (替我把门打开好吗？),4. 现在进行时,现在进行时表示 现在正在进行的动作或 现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, today , these等,但经常省略。 What are you doing up in the tree? I am writing a long novel these days., 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。 I

26、m coming now.(我就来) What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？) He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。 He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净),扩展,注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中： 表示感觉的动词。如：see，hear等。 表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如：l

27、ike，love等。 表示希望的动词。如：want，would like等。 表示状态的动词。如：be等。 表示归属的动词。如：have等。 表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如：know，think等。,现在完成进行时含义：表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在的一个动作；该动作有可能继续延续下去。,进行时 I am reading the book. 完成时 I have read the book. 现在完成进行时 I have been reading the book.,现在正在读,已经读过,过去到截至说话为止，一直在读,1. 结构(“二合一”结构)： 1)肯定句:have/has bee

28、n+V-ing （从过去到现在）一直在做某事 我在这坐了一个下午了。 他弟弟十岁起就一直收集各种各样的邮票。,I have been sitting here for the afternoon.,His brother has been collecting stamps since he was 10.,2)否定句:have/has not been+V-ing 没有一直在做某事 我一个星期没有给花浇水了。 这些年，他都没有一直在这教书。,I havent been watering the flowers for a week.,He hasnt been teaching here t

29、hese years.,3)疑问句： Have/Has+主语+been+V-ing ? 你一直在写一本小说吗？ 他一直给你写信吗？,Have you been writing a novel?,Has he been writing letters to you?,we have classes for 7 days,We have been having classes for 7 days.,练习：看图，根据提示词，表达句子。,Picture 1,he cry three hours,He has been crying for three hours.,Picture 2,The wom

30、an take a rest all day,The boy hasnt been taking a rest all day.,Picture 3,it rain these few days,It has been raining these few days.,Picture 4,Im tired because Ive been running. 我很累因为我一直跑到现在。 （强调动作一直进行并持续到现在） 对比：Im tired because Ive run. 我累了因为我跑了。（强调动作已完成）,2. 用法： 1) 现在完成进行时可以表示一个从过去某时开始一直在进行并持续到现在的

31、动作。这个动作刚刚结束，对现在有影响。,I have been reading for 2 hours. I am still reading now.,2.）现在完成进行时可以表示一个从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。这个动作现在仍在继续中。,4） 表示从过去到现在反复发生的动作You have been saying that for five years. (这话你已经说了有五年了。）,3）和进行时一样，现在完成进行时也往往带有感情色彩（如赞扬、厌恶等）。 What have you been doing all the time? (这半天你在干什么？）,3. 时间状语 1）现在完成

32、进行时通常 和“for”或“since”所引导的时间状语连用。 I have been waiting for a letter from my parents for two days. 雨已经下了三个小时 We have been studying here since 2004.,我这两天来一直在等我父母的回信,It has been raining for three hours.,我们自从2004年开始一直在这里读书。,2）现在完成进行时还可以于these few days, this week, all the time， all night, all the morning, a

33、ll ones life, during the night, recently等连用： Ive been writing letters all this morning. (我写了一上午的信。） I have been doing this all my life. (这个我做了一辈子啦。） Recently he has been doing his work quite regularly. (近来他都按时做作业。）,小试牛刀,1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it

34、 for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing 2. I have got a headache. No wonder. You_ in front of that computer too long. A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked,D,C,1.现在完成进行时和现在进行时比较：,2.现在完成进行时和现在完成时比较：,5. 过去进行时,过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 过

35、去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 过去进行时的时间状语有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。 He was cooking supper this time yesterday. The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.,用于时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行。 She saw it h

36、appen when she was walking past. They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest. 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。 He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here. (他住在这里时老向我借钱),6. 现在完成时,一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作, 开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。 在完成时由“助动

37、词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。 表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet, just, ever, never, before等。 I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画) He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国) 表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：for, since I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)

38、 Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened. (自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作),口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。 They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书) have been to与have gone to的区别： have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里 have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。 -Where is Mr. Li? He has gone to the UK. -Do you

39、know something about Beijing? Yes, I have been to Beijing three times.,在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。,7. 过去完成时,过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。 “过去的过去” 过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。 过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when, before等引出状语从句。（有时间先后关系） They had

40、 already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came. The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.,8. 过去将来时,过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。 过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day). 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。（时态配合：主将从现的

41、过去时版本） He would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.,表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动词原形)。 She told me she would be 18 the next month. (她告诉我她下个月就18岁了) She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog. (她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步) 过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。 When it ra

42、ined in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him. (白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞),The Passive Voice 被动语态,四、动词的语态, 动词语态的时态体现：,1.He teaches English in our school.,English is taught in our school by him.,语态转换,宾提前变主，主变介by宾，被动be加done,时态看主动,2.We planted many trees last years.,Many trees were planted by us last year.

43、,过去时的被动语态： was/were+P.P,3.We should plant many more trees.,Many more trees should be planted by us.,含情态动词的被动语态： 情态动词+be +PP,4.She will teach Class 6.,Class 6 will be taught by her.,将来时的被动语态： Will/shall+be +PP,5. Many countries have sent up satellites into space.,Satellites have been sent up into spa

44、ce by many countries .,完成时的被动语: Have/has+been +PP,现在进行时的被动语态：is+being+pp,6.She is teaching Class 6.,Class 6 is being taught by her.,I was given a book by her.,A book was given to me by her.,7.She gave me a book.,如 遇双宾语，最好变间宾，如若变直宾，间宾前to/for（pass,lend,buy,write,bring, show,tell）,8.He made me do the w

45、ork.,I was made to do the work by him.,这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回 来。（feel,listen to,hear,let have,make,look at,see,watch),9.They take good care of the baby.,The baby is taken good care of by them.,注意：含动词词组的被动语态，须将其看作一个 整体，不可把它们分隔开来。,People say she knows five languages.,She is said to know five langua

46、ges.,It is said that she knows five languages.,We believe the book has been translated into English.,The book is believed to have been translated into English.,It is believed that the book has been translated into English.,带宾语从句的句子改为被动语态时，有两种情况： 1）宾语从句的主语+be +主句谓语的过去分词+宾语从句谓语的不定式 2）It +be +主句谓语的过去分词

47、+that+原宾语从句,将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1. We can finish the work in two days. The work _ _ _ in two days.2. They produce silk in Suzhou. Silk _ _ in Suzhou.3. The children will sing an English song. An English song _ _ _ by the children. 4. You neednt do it now. It _ _ _ by you now.5. Lucy sent me a New Year

48、Card last week.A New Year Card _ _ _ me by Lucy last week. 6.He made me do that for him.I _ _ _ _that for him.7. I have given this book to the library.This book _ _ _ to the library.,can be finished,is produced,will be sung,neednt be done,was sent to,was made to do,has been given,A traffic accident _(happen) just now.,happened,2. 连系动词（Link.v.) 如：be, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, turn, become,Peking Opera _ (sound) beautiful.,sounds,1. 不及物动词（vi.) 如:happen, take place, appear, d