简明语言学第九单元.ppt

1、,Chapter 9 Language Change,Newly created words in English and Chinese,SOHO, Euro, chatroom, snailmail 房奴、酷、急婚族、学术超男、奔奔族 Language is constantly changing with time. There are many reasons for language to change, but one major reason for its change is that it is a reflection of society and peoples ways

2、 of life. As society and peoples ways of life change, language inevitably changes.,Language change in various aspects,Lexical change 1. Change of old lexical items 2. Formation of new lexical item Borrowing Compounding Derivation Abbreviation Blending Functional shift Invention,Borrowing When differ

3、ent cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. bonus, education (Latin) beer (German) tea (Chinese) commissar (Russian) alcohol, zero (Arabic) Compounding Compounding is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of English compounds are the combination o

4、f words from the three classes：nouns, verbs and adjectives The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components. n+n: football n+v: water-cool adj+n: long-distance adj+adj: dark-blue highbrow,Derivation Derivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme. Since deriv

5、ation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed

6、complex derivation. Abbreviation Initialisms Acronyms Clipped forms Back formations,Initialisms: the initial parts of the words or syllables of a phrase are used to form a word, and spelled out by letter. (WTO, VCD, FTP) Acronyms: the same with initializes but pronounced as a single word instead of

7、being spelled out by letter. (SARS, AIDS, APEC) Clipped forms: elements of a word dropped in common use. （gymgymnasium memomemorandum） Back formations: new words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word. edit editor hawk hawker beg beggar

8、 baby-sit baby-sitter,Blending A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words. (smogsmoke + fog; motelmotor + hotel) Functional shift Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes. N V: to knee, to tape V N: a hold, a retreat Adj. V: to cool, to slow

9、Adj. N: a daily, the rich Invention Kodak, Toyota, Benz,Phonological change Vowels Consonants Processes involved in sound change 1. Assimilation 2. Dissimilation 3. Sound loss 4. Sound addition 5. Metathesis,Semantic change 1. Widening of meaning Holiday: holy day any rest day Tail: tail of a horse

10、tail of any animal 2. Narrowing of meaning hound: any dog a special kind of dog corn: grain a particular grain 3. Meaning shift Bead: pray prayer beads a small piece of glass, wood, etc.,Causes of lexical change 1. The rapid development of science and technology. 2. More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been c