医学论文英文摘要 I.ppt

1、,Lectures on Writing Medical Paper Abstracts in English,第一讲 英文摘要的作用和分类,第一节 英文摘要的作用 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充论文题目信息的不足 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便 中文科技文章的英文摘要还可起到与外国同行进行学术交流的作用,第二节 英文摘要的分类 Abstract,摘要 原文献的一个组成部分 文摘 独立存在,Abstract:,Informative abstract 报道性摘要或资料性摘要 Indicative abstract 指示性摘要或通报性摘要 Informative-Indica

2、tive abstract 报道-指示性摘要,指示性摘要：只通报论文主题，不介绍研究的材料、方法和结果。,报道性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目 的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。,一、报道性摘要 Informative abstract 报道性摘要是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要，相当于简介。字数: 中文摘要一般不宜超过200-300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。,Non-structured structured,Types:,Full-structured abstract Semi-structured abstract,Sample 1 Par

3、enteral （不经胃肠的，肠外的） Nutrition- Induced Gallbladder disease: A Reason for Early Cholecystectomy （胆囊切除术）,报道性摘要：无论是非结构式还是结构式都应包含以下四个 基本要素：研究的目的、方法、结果、结论。,1） 非结构式（ Non-structured ）摘要： 非结构式摘要 传统型摘要,Patients who receive long-term parenteral nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and a cal

4、culous cholecystitis. In an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease, we have reviewed the records of 35 patients who have undergone cholecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center.The mean age of the 23 adults and

5、 12 children who had cholecystectomy was 29.1 years. Forty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy. The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent, and the hospital mortality was 11 percent . Significant factors contributing to this high rate of complications included a delay in

6、 diagnosis, especially in the young children, and,全肠外营养(TPN),University of California, Los Angeles 加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校,increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and intraoperative hemorrhage. Our analysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a program of ultrasound sur

7、veillance for gallbladder formation, elective cholecystectomy when stones first appear, and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed for other reasons. Whether induced gallstones can be prevented through daily TPN- stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future

8、studies.,剖腹术,Patients who receive long-term parenteral （不经胃肠的）nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and acalculous cholecystitis. In an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease, we have reviewed the records of 35 patie

9、nts who have undergone cholecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center. The mean age of the 23 adults and 12 children who had cholecy-stectomy was 29.1 years. Forty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy. The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent, and

10、 the hospital mortality was 11 percent. Significant factors contributing to this high rate of complications included a delay in diagnosis, especially in the young children, and,【研究背景】,【目的】,【对象和方法 】,【结果 】,increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and intraoperative hemorrhage. Our ana

11、lysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a program of ultrasound surveillance for gallbladder formation, elective cholecystectomy when stones first appear, and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed for other reasons. Whether TPN-induced gallston

12、es can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future studies.,【结论】,【前瞻性说明 】,非结构式摘要的主要缺点是： 段落不明，不能一 目了然地了解其研究目的、方法、结果、结论等。 给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。,2） 全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国内科

13、学记事（Annals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。 Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： 1. 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 2. 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究性质 3. 地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级,4. 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明 参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 5. 处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6. 主要测定项目（Mai

14、n outcome measures）：说明为评 定研究 结果而进行的主要测定项目 7. 结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 8. 结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应 用意义,采用全结构式摘要的著名医学期刊： Annals of Internal Medicine 内科学纪事 The Journal of the American Medical Association 美国医学协会杂志,Appropriateness Criteria （适宜性标准 ）for Coronary Angiography(血管造影术) in Angina （心绞痛）: Reliabi

15、lity and Validity Harry Hemingway, MBBChir; Ruoling Chen, MD Cornelia Junghans, PhD; Adam Timmis, MBBChir; Sandra Eldridge, PhD ；Nick Black, MD; Paul Shekelle, MD; and Gene Feder, MD 19 August 2008 | Volume 149 Issue 4 | Pages 221-231,（Medinae Doctor）,(Philosophiae Doctor),Background: Evaluated crit

16、eria for tailoring the decision to perform coronary angiography in specific clinical scenarios are lacking. Objective: To determine the reliability and prognostic validity of patient-specific appropriateness criteria for coronary angiography among patients with suspected angina pectoris. Design: Pro

17、spective observational study. Two independent panels of clinicians scored 2400 patient-specific indications for coronary angiography as inappropriate, uncertain, or appropriate. Using a simple computer algorithm, patients were matched to 1 of these indications. Setting: 6 urban ambulatory care clini

18、cs in the United Kingdom. Patients: 9356 consecutive patients with recent-onset chest pain in whom stable angina was suspected.,Measurements: Appropriateness ratings and clinical outcomes (coronary death and acute coronary syndrome events) over a median of 3 years of follow-up. Results: 660 coronary

19、 deaths or acute coronary syndrome events occurred. Agreement between the 2 panels (reliability) on appropriateness category was moderate (weighted = 0.58; P 0.001). Use of subsequent angiography was strongly related to appropriateness category (P for linear trend 0.001) according to scores from eit

20、her panel. Among patients judged as appropriate candidates for angiography, underuse was common (57% according to panel A and 71.3% according to panel B), and not undergoing coronary angiography was associated with higher coronary event rates than was undergoing the procedure. The hazard ratio after

21、 adjustment for age, sex, exercise electrocardiography result, and secondary prevention medication was similar according to panel A (2.78 95% CI, 1.77 to 4.37) and panel B (2.47 CI, 1.72 to 3.55).,Limitation: The study was too small to assess the relationship of angiography with coronary death and d

22、id not assess the reasons why patients did not receive angiography. Conclusion: Appropriateness scores offer prognostically valid criteria for judging which specific patients might benefit from coronary angiography. Patient-specific appropriateness scores help pinpoint areas where judgments diverge

23、and are a promising tool for making guidelines more effective.,Sample 2 (The Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA) Low-Dose Physiological Growth Hormone in Patients With HIV and Abdominal Fat Accumulation ABSTRACT Context Antiretroviral therapy can be associated with visceral adiposity

24、and metabolic complications, increasing cardiovascular risk, and reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion may be a contributing factor. Objective To investigate the effects of low-dose physiological GH administration on body composition, glucose, and cardiovascular parameters in patients with human imm

25、unodeficiency virus (HIV) having abdominal fat accumulation and relative GH deficiency.,抗逆转录酶病毒,Design, Setting, and Patients A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 56 patients with HIV, abdominal fat accumulation, and reduced GH secretion (peak GH 7.5 ng/mL) conducted at a US acade

26、mic medical center between November 2003 and October 2007. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous GH or matching placebo titrated to the upper quartile of normal insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) range for 18 months. Starting dose was 2 g/kg/d and increased to

27、maximum dose of 6 g/kg/d (average dose, 0.33 mg/d).,Main Outcome Measures Change in body composition assessed by computed tomographic scan and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Secondary outcomes included glucose, IGF-1, blood pressure (BP), and lipids. Treatment effect was the difference in the cha

28、nge between GH and placebo groups, using all available data. Results Fifty-five patients (26 with GH and 29 with placebo) were included in the safety analyses and 52 patients (25 with GH and 27 with placebo) were included in the efficacy analyses. Visceral adipose tissue area (treatment effect ） las

29、t-value-carried-forward analysis n=56, 19 cm2; 95% confidence interval CI, 37 to 0.3 cm2, 19 cm2; 95% CI, 38 to 0.5 cm2; P=.049); trunk fat (0.8 kg; 95% CI, 1.5 to 0.04 kg; P=.04); diastolic BP (7 mm Hg; 95% CI, 11 to 2 mm Hg;,P=.006); and triglycerides (7 mg/dL, P=.002) improved but 2-hour glucose

30、levels on glucose tolerance testing increased in the GH group vs the placebo group (treatment effect, 22 mg/dL; 95% CI, 6-37 mg/dL; P=.009). The IGF-1 levels increased (treatment effect, 129 ng/mL; 95% CI, 95-164 ng/mL; P.001). Adverse events were not increased for GH vs placebo (23%; 95% CI, 9%-44%

31、 vs 28%; 95% CI, 13%-47%; P=.70). Conclusions In HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation and relative GH deficiency, low-dose GH received for 18 months resulted in significantly reduced visceral fat and truncal obesity, triglycerides, and diastolic BP, but 2-hour glucose levels on glucose toleranc

32、e testing were increased.,与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要（即：四要素摘要）。,The Semi-Structured Abstract Its 4 elements:,objective / purpose / aim meth

33、ods results conclusion,Samples: Effects of Oral Administration of Type II Collagen白 on Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats and its Mechanisms 口服II型胶原蛋白（CII）对大鼠佐剂性关节炎（AA）的治疗作用及其机制 Objective: To investigate the effects of oral adminis- tration of type II collagen on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rate and its mech

34、anisms, and to compare the effects of C II with those of the Chinese traditional medicine Tripterygium Polyglycoside administered similarly. Methods: Arthritis was induced in rats by immunization using Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA). After feeding rats either soluble C II or Tripterygium Polyglycos

35、ide, changes in the degree of articular swelling and articular histological findings were observed in AA rats. Some correlative immunological indexes were measured, including delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, anti-collagen and,and anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) antibody in serum, a

36、nd levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in articular steep in rats. Results: Oral administration of C II was able to alleviate both distinctly articular and general symptoms in AA rats, suppress synovium hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in arthrosis capsule. The effects brought about by

37、C II were stronger than those by Tripterygium Polyglycoside. Oral administration of C II inhibited anti-specific immune responses, such as DTH and anti-reaction to C II. In addition, the expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in joints were locally downregulated. Conclusion: the therapeutic effect of

38、 oral administration of C II is obvious on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Its remedial mechanisms are likely related to the downregulation of both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and the suppression of cell immunity. Chin Med J ( Engl), 2003, 116 (2): 284-287,Race/Ethnicity, Income, Major Risk Factors, and Ca

39、rdiovascular Disease Mortality Objectives: We explored differences between Black and White men for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality across major risk factor levels. Methods: Major CVD risk factors were measured among 300 647 White and 20223 Black men aged 35 to 57 years who were screened for t

40、he Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Hazard ratios for CVD deaths for Black and White men over 25 years of follow-up were calculated for subgroups stratified according to risk factor levels. Results: CVD was responsible for 2518 deaths among Black men and 30772 deaths among White men.

41、 The age-adjusted Black-to-White CVD hazard ratio was 1.35 (95% confidence interval CI=1.29, 1.40); the risk- and income-adjusted ratio was 1.05 (95% CI=1.01, 1.10). CVD mortality rates were dramatically lower in cases of favorable risk profiles. However, fully adjusted Black-to-White CVD hazard rat

42、ios within groups at low, intermediate, high, and very high levels of overall risk were 1.76, 1.20, 1.10, and 0.94, respectively. Similar gradients were evident for individual risk factors. Conclusions: Higher CVD mortality rates among Black men were largely mediated by risk factors and income. Thes

43、e data underscore the need for sustained primordial risk factor prevention among Black men.,四要素摘要（ the semi-structured abstract）中常用的英语表达方式： 1. Objective / Aim 直截了当地准确说明研究目的或所阐述的问题。英语常以不定式开头，即“ To +动词原形”。 To investigate and ; To assess; To determine whether; To study; To examine; To evaluate and comp

44、are; To improve;,To explore; To clarify; To identify; To localize.,2. Methods 对研究的基本设计加以描述。包括诊断标准、分组情况及随访时间；研究对象的数量及特征；观察的主要变量及主要的研究方法；治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等。若为临床研究，需说明是前瞻性随机对比或回顾性分析。方法学研究要说明新的或改进的犯法、设备、材料，以及被研究的对象 （动物或人）。英语常需要用完整的被动或主动结构句子，动词用过去时态。 A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial A c

45、ase control study A prospective clinical study was performed; ; We retrospectively analyzed.; We studied,前瞻性研究“ prospective studies ”在学术文献中指根据已知原因观察其结果的研究称为前瞻性研究.,3. Results 为摘要的重点部分。提供研究所得的主要结果，列出重要数据。指出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优点，并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度。英语要用完整句子，谓语动词用过去时态，研究所得数据如百分数、血压等数字采用临床病例书写形式，不必用书面英语。 was /

46、 were; We found; There was,4. Conclusion 把研究的主要结论性观点，用一两句话简明表达。结论应该有直接依据，避免推测和过于笼统。英语用完整句子表达，动词时态可用一般过去时、一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论，也可用一些句型应出结论。 This study shows that This study confirms that This study suggests that These observations support Our conclusion is that,由于要求不同或为了节省篇幅，有些期刊所要求的摘要与上述结构有些出入，如New E

47、ngland Journal of Medicine采用背景Background) 、方法(Methods) 、结果（Results） 、结论（Conclusions） 4个方面；The Lancet则采用背景(Background)、方法(Methods)、发现(Findings)、解释(Interpretation)4个方面；而Biology Journals in the BMC-series 的要求则更为简单，即：背景Background、结果Results、结论Conclusions三个方面。,Family Physicians Use of Medical Abstracts to

48、 Guide Decision Making: Style or Substance? Abstract Background: Many physicians rely on the abstracts of research articles to guide their clinical decision making. This need for expediency is one basis for many journals to reformat their abstracts.Methods: To determine whether the format of medical

49、 abstracts affects physician decision making, we surveyed family physicians in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. All participants were members of the American Academy of Family Physicians. The survey included three case scenarios (corneal abrasion, fibromyalgia, and hyperlipidemia) followed by s

50、tructured and open-ended assessments of usual management. After assessing their usual management in each scenario, the respondents were provided with an abstract of a valid research paper. The format of abstracts (unstructured, IMRAD introduction, methods, results, and discussion, structured, and,家庭

51、医师依赖医学论文摘要指导自己的临床决策：文体还是实质？,POEM patient-oriented evidence that matters) were randomly assigned. After reading the abstract, we assessed changes in management of the case scenario.Results: Two hundred eighty-nine family physicians responded to the survey. At baseline, 187 (65%) of physicians patched

52、 corneal abrasions. After reading the abstract, 142 (76%) would no longer use eye patches. Two hundred forty-five (83%) of physicians did not use the combination of fluoxetine and amitriptyline for managing fibromyalgia. After reading the abstract, 179 (73%) would use combination therapy. Two hundre

53、d thirty-four (84%) of physicians used statins when managing hyperlipidemia. After reading the abstract, 211 (90%) would continue using statins. The format of abstract had no significant effect on physicians decision making.Conclusions: Whereas the format of abstract in this study had no effect on p

54、hysician decision making, having valid information available in the context of a clinical scenario appeared to influence decisions.,STAT1 Gene from Olive Flounder, Paralichthys Olivaceus Background Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a critical component of interferon (IFN)

55、-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Although seven isoforms of STAT proteins have been reported from mammals, limited information is available for the STAT genes in fish. We isolated complementary DNA with high homology to mammalian STAT1 from the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Results A D

56、NA fragment containing the conserved SH2 domain was amplified by RT-PCR using degenerate primers designed based on the highly conserved sequences in the SH2 domains of the zebrafish and mammalian STAT1. The complete cDNA sequence was obtained by 5a and 3a RACE. The flounder STAT1 transcript consiste

57、d of 2,909 bp that encoded a polypeptide of 749 amino acids. The overall homology between flounder STAT1 and other STATs was very high, with the,highest amino acid sequence identity to snakehead (89%). Phylogenetic analyses reveal that flounder STAT1 is in the same monophyletic group with snakehead

58、STAT1. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization revealed that STAT1 was expressed in almost all examined organs and tissues, with high expression in the spleen, kidney, intestine and gill. The accumulation of STAT1 mRNA in different developmental stages, as determined by RT-PCR, increased with development.

59、Conclusion Recent cloning of various cytokine genes and the STAT1 gene of olive flounder here suggest that fish also use the highly specialized JAK-STAT pathway for cytokine signaling. Identification of other STAT genes will elucidate in detail the signal transduction system in this fish.,与传统摘要比较，结构式摘要具有固定格式，其撰写格式与科学研究设计思维方法相一致，有助于作者理清思路，准确表达，甚至可以促使作者在实验设计开始时就明确各项内容，使各部分更趋严密、合理。也便于国际交流及转载传播等。,二、指示性摘要 指示性摘要是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要，其目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容有一个轮廓的了解。其篇幅比报道性文摘短，一般在150个英语