物流管理专业外语知识(ppt 34页).ppt

1、物流管理专业外语,Unit One Transportation System,Text A The role of transportation Text B Definition of transportation system,The role of transportation交通运输的地位（作用）,Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to ach

2、ieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation. 交通运输是一个现代社会发展和运作的基础。它使得工作的专业化显得十分必要，以期获得（高得）效率和生产力。远方的资源可以通过交通运输来获得。任何社会的经济增长都是与交通运输的可用性（有效性、实用性）直接相

3、关的。,New words 1. fundamental 必要的 2. geography 地理学 3. accessible 可用的 4. survive 继续生存,5. consume 消耗，消费 6. perform 做 7. accomplish 完成 8. impose 强加于 9. primitive 简单的，原始的,10. suit 使适合 11. strive 努力 12. adept 熟练的 13. expend 花费,14. expand 扩展 15. gain 获得 16. capitalize 利用 17. contribute 作出贡献,There are many

4、different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location

5、to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and

6、 improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development. 在各种书籍和词典中，关于“交通运输”有许多不同的定义。但是，交通运输的各种定义中的一个共同要素是移动（位移），即货物或乘客的物理位置的改变。产品必须从生产它们的地点移动到消费它们的地点。人们必须从他们居住的地点移动到他们要参与的某种活动所在的地点。我们需要交通运输来达到生存和改善我们生活标准的目的。交通运输影响了我们的经济、社会和政治的发展。,To survive, a person m

7、ust consume products. Products need to be obtained from the nature or need to be processed. Given the person must perform some of these activities to survive, he/she needs transportation to accomplish his/her activities. In reality, nature imposes two conditions that force the use of some kind of tr

8、ansportation. First, a person needs more than one product to survive. Second, nature does not supply all of the needs at the same location. Thus, to perform all of the activities required for consumption, transportation becomes necessary. 人类为了生存必须消费产品。产品需要从大自然获得或者需要经过（加工）处理。假设人们为了生存必须履行（完成）一些这类活动，（那

9、么）他/她需要（借助）交通运输来完成（达到、实现）其活动。事实上，自然界（强加）通过两个因素（两种情形）来促使（推动）某种形式交通运输的使用。一是人类为了生存需要多种产品；二是自然界不可能在一个地方提供所有的需要。因此，为了完成消费所需的所有活动，交通运输变得十分必要。,The earliest form of transportation was the movement of people. People move to search food and a favorable climate. The American Indians migrated from Asia into Nor

10、th America through the Bering Straits and Alaska is an example. Gradually, the emphasis shifted from the movement of people to the movement of goods. Today, most of the population in the world expects that the goods will be transported to them through some transportation modes. 最早期交通运输的形式是人的移动。人们为了寻

11、求食物和适宜的气候而（四处）迁徙。美洲印第安人通过白令海峡和阿拉斯加从亚洲移居到北美就是一个例子。逐渐地，移动的重点由人们的移动转变为货物的移动。今天，世界上的大多数人都希望货物通过某种运输方式而（直接）运送到他们手中。,It is necessary to point out that as transportation efficiency increases, it has a direct and positive effect on the individuals ability of survival, even under very primitive conditions. I

12、t is also worthwhile to point out that people in our modern society seek much more than mere survival. They strive for a better standard of living and life-style with less time and efforts. Specialization is one means to achieve the goal. 必须指出，随着其效率的增加，交通运输对于人的生存能力，甚至在非常原始条件下的生存能力，有着直接的、积极的影响。此外还值得指

13、出，在我们现代社会的人们寻求的远不仅仅是生存。他们努力用较少的时间和精力得到更好的生活水平和生活方式。,Specialization is defined as allowing human or physical resources to perform the tasks for which they are best suited. For example, if a person is particularly adept at farming, then the society should allow him to farm. If a certain geographic reg

14、ion is suitable for growing wheat, then the society should grow it in that area. Specification can bring many benefits. The overall efficiency of society is improved because fewer resources are employed to produce the desired output. The result is that less effort is expended to produce a particular

15、 product. Thus, specialization is a desired goal for society because it increases efficiency and directly improves our standard of living. 专业化定义为使人们或物质资源去完成其最适合的作业（任务）。例如，如果一个人特别熟练耕作，那么社会应当让他去从事耕作。如果某个地方适宜种植小麦，那么社会应当在那里耕作小麦。专业化能带来许多好处。因为达到输出量的希望值只需用到较少的资源，从而整个社会总的效率得以提高。结果就是生产某一特定产品是需较（以前）少的花费（付出）。因

16、此，专业化是社会发展的目标，因为它提高了效率和直接改善了我们的生活标准。,The benefits of specialization can be gained through either economies of scale or geographic specialization. Economies of scale are realized when a large volume of the same type of commodity is produced in one location at one time. Geographic specialization invol

17、ves using particular region to produce specific products. 专业化可以通过规模经济或者区域专业化这两者之一（为我们）带来好处。当同一类型的商品在同一地点同一时间大量生产时就产生规模经济。（而）区域专业化则是指在特定的地区生产特殊的产品。,If products are produced in suitable locations and people are to specialize in a specific task, then the movement of products among different locations m

18、ust take place. The role of transportation in economies of scale and geographic specialization is complex, and the level of transportation efficiency directly affects the degree to which we can gain the benefits of specialization. 如果产品在适当的地方生产并且人们都擅长于某一特殊的作业（行业），那么在不同地方之间产品的流动则必然会发生。交通运输在(实现)规模经济和区域

19、专业化中的作用是复杂的，而且交通运输效率的高低直接影响我们从专业化中获益的程度。,Economies of scale 规模经济 Economies of scale are gained when many units are produced at a single location. The result is a lower cost per unit. There are many reasons for the economies of scale are possible. Fixed costs can be spread over more units, specialize

20、d equipment can be used, and tasks can be made routine. Therefore, as more units are produced, the cost per unit goes down. But at some level the cost per unit stops going down and begins to increase as production is expanded beyond the most economical level. 许多单位（的产品）在单个地方生产时则产生了规模经济。其结果就是单位（产品）成本下

21、降。有许多理由可用于说明规模经济是可能的。固定成本可以分摊到更多单元（的产品上），专业设备得以采用，（生产）作业可以程序化生产。因此，当更多单元（的产品）被生产出来时，单位（产品）成本得以下降。但是当达到一定程度（水平）时，单位（产品）成本会停止下降并且开始上升，因为生产的扩大超过了大多数经济的水平。,There is a desire to produce more units of certain type of product at one location because of the economies of scale. However, the demand for the pr

22、oduct at the producing location typically does not equal maximum economies of scale. There are two ways to solve the problem: one is to reduce the production of the product, and the economies of scale are lost; the other is to ship the excess product units to other places where there is a demand for

23、 the product if the economies of scale are desired. Thus, transportation must be available. 因为规模经济的原因，客观产生了在同一地方生产更多的某一类型的产品的需要。然而，在产地对该产品的需求一般不等于最大规模经济(的产量)。有两种方法可以解决这个问题：一种方法是减少该产品的产量，但丧失了规模经济；另一种方法是；如果想获得规模经济的话，把多余产品运送到对该产品有需求的其他地方。因此，必须利用交通运输。,Geographic specialization 区域专业化 Geographic specializ

24、ation is similar in principle to economies of scale. Geographic specialization capitalized on the fact that one region has an advantage over other areas for some reasons. One area may have more favorable climatic condition, different natural resources, and more efficient human resources and so on. T

25、herefore, the area that is best situated should be the source of production. Again, the availability of efficient transportation is necessary to capitalize on these advantages. If an efficient transportation system is available, then each location can produce those products for which it is geographi

26、cally suitable in large quantity, and the total production cost would be much lower. 区域专业化与规模经济的原理相似。区域专业化利用了一个地区由于某些原因比其他地区更具有某项优势的客观事实。一个地区可能具有更有利的气候条件，各种不同自然资源，更能干的人力资源等等。因此，这一最适宜的地区应该作为生产源。此外，为利用这些优势，必须要有高效率的交通运输。如果（有）一个高效率的交通运输系统可用，则各个地区可以生产大量生产与其地理（条件）相匹配的那些产品，并且整个生产成本可以进一步降低。,Standard of livi

27、ng and transportation 生活水平（标准）与交通运输 Generally, the standard of living and life-style reflect the manner in which individuals and societies are able to meet their needs and wants. One measure of standard of living is the amount and variety of goods people are able to acquire. A second measure is the

28、amount of efforts that must be put forth to satisfy needs and wants. A third measure is the level of comfort and ease with which basic needs and wants are fulfilled. Many things have contributed to these improvements in our lives, such as advanced technology, improvement in managements and labor qua

29、lities. 一般地（通常），生活水平和生活方式反映了个体和社会能满足其需要和愿望的方面。生活水平的（第）一个量度标准是人们能获得的货物的数量和种类。第二个量度标准是必须提出的用于满足需要和愿望的工作量。第三个量度标准是履行基本需要和愿望的舒适程度。许多事情有助于我们生活的改善，例如先进的技术、管理和劳动（工作）质量的提高等等。,The role of transportation has been significant. Without transportation, we would not have been able to capitalize on economies of sc

30、ale, geographic specialization to increase overall economic efficiency. Furthermore, as the transportation efficiency system increases, the ability to gain these advantages increases. The standard of living and life-style of a society are tied directly to the availability of an efficient transportat

31、ion system. 交通运输的作用是意义重大的。没有交通运输，我们无法利用规模经济和区域专业化来提高整个（全面的）经济效率。此外，当交通运输系统的效率增加时，（我们）获得那些优势的能力也随之提高。（可以说，）一个社会的生活水平和生活方式直接依赖于一个高效的交通运输系统的有效性。,Text B Definition of transportation system交通运输系统的定义,A transportation system is consisted of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system, w

32、hich permits people and goods to move from one place to another efficiently in order to participate in some desired activity timely. 交通运输系统由固定设施、流动实体和控制系统组成的，使人和货物为了及时参与某项目的的活动而有效地从一处移动到另一处。,This definition identifies the functional components of a transportation system (the fixed facilities, the fl

33、ow-entities, and the control system) and encapsulates the fact that transportation provides the connectivity that facilitates other societal interactions. 此定义明确了交通运输系统的功能组成部分（固定设施、流动实体和控制系统），并概述了交通运输提供的促进其他社会相互影响的（作用）。,Fixed facilities 固定设施 Fixed facilities are the physical components of the system

34、that are fixed in space and consisted of the network terminals, harbors, or airports as the nodes and routes, channels, or lines as links in the network) of the transportation system. Their design, which has traditionally been within the realm of civil engineering, includes soil and foundation engin

35、eering, structural design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities. Although related, geometric design is different from other aspects of design (e.g., structural design, which is concerned with the

36、strength of structures to withstand efficiently the expected forces or loads), which are covered elsewhere in the typical civil engineering curriculum .,固定设施是固定在空间的系统的物理构成，并且由交通运输系统的网络组成(例如，以公共交通的终点站、港口或机场作为网络的节点、以线路、航道航线作为网络的连线。)。其（固定设施）设计（传统上归属于土木工程学的领域内）包括了地基工程、结构设计、排水系统设计和建筑学（几何）设计等，并与这些内容在固定设施组

37、成中的实际比例相关。虽然（与固定设施的设计或规划）有联系，但建筑学（几何）设计却不同于设计的其他方面（例如，结构设计指的是有效承受期望值的力或载荷的结构强度），它在别的典型的土木工程课程中会涉及到。,Flow entities and technology 流动实体和（相关）技术 Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. They include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on. In the case of the highway sy

38、stem, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations. 流动实体是指那些往返移动于固定设施的单元。它们包括车辆，集装箱，有轨电车等。在公路系统（情况）中，这些固定设施有望包容从自行车到大型拖车等（混合车辆）的种类繁多的交通工具。,In this book, flow entities are considered only in terms of thei

39、r generic characteristics (such as size, weight, and acceleration and deceleration capabilities) rather than in terms of their specific technological design, which is normally undertaken by mechanical and electrical engineers. 在本书中，流动实体只是从他们的一般特点（诸如大小，重量、加速度和减速性能），而不是根据它们通常由机械和电气工程师来承担的特别的技术设计来考虑的。,

40、Control system 控制系统 The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on the fixed facilities. Such control can be manual or automated. The proper geometric design of the fixed facilities must

41、incorporate , in addition to the characteristics of the vehicle, the characteristics of the vehicular control system. In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually controlled, these include driver characteristics, such as the time a driver takes to perceive and react to various

42、stimuli（刺激）. In the case of automated systems, similar but more precisely definable response times exist. 控制系统由车辆控制和车流控制组成。车辆控制是指在固定设施中引导单个车辆的技术方法。这种控制可以是手工也可以是自动的。固定设施正确的几何设计必须是一体化的，除了（应考虑）车辆的特点之外，还应（考虑）车辆控制系统的特点。在车辆是由手工操纵的公路设施的（情况）中，还应包括（考虑）驾驶员的特点，比如驾驶员对各种刺激的感知和反应的时间。在自动化系统中，同样如此但存在有更精确可定义的反应时间。,T

43、he flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of operation. 车流控制系统由使车流高效、流畅运行，并且减少

44、车辆之间冲突（堵塞）的手段组成。这种系统包括各种类型的符号，标记，和信号系统及其自身的操作规则,Transportation demand 交通运输需求 Transportation systems are constructed neither as pure expressions of engineering ingenuity nor as monuments of purely aesthetic（adj.美学的, 审美的, 有审美感的） quality. They are built to serve people in undertaking their economic, social, and cultural activities. Although in some culture, demand for transportation is considered as one of four necessities of human being: clothin