贸易保护主义 (2).ppt

1、,Trade and barrier,Susan,Free Trade and protectionism,The nuts and bolts come apart,International trade,International trade develop fast since world war II. So did Vertical specialization. Vertical specialization occurs when a country uses imported intermediate parts to create a good it later export

2、sthat is, the country links sequentially with other countries to produce a final good. vertical specialization has accounted for a large and increasing share of international trade over the last several decades.,They also note that because the trends encouraging vertical specializationlower trade ba

3、rriers and improvements in transportation and communications technologiesare likely to continue, this type of international trade should become even more prevalent in the next century . But since trade protectionism grows, the nuts and bolts come apart.,Contents,Classification of trade protectionism

4、,Forms of non-tariff barrier,Forms of new trade protectionism,What can we do to deal with it?,Trade barrier,Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. 1. From the form of trade barrier, it can be divided as tariff and non-tariff barrier. 2. From the time order, trade

5、barrier can be divided into : traditional trade barrier and NTP (New trade protectionism),Non-tariff barrier,Import licenses Export licenses quotas Subsidies Voluntary Export Restraints Local content requirements Embargo Devaluation of currency,An import license is a document issued by a national go

6、vernment authorizing the importation of certain goods into its territory. It is a way to discriminate against another countrys goods in order to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition . An export license grants permission to conduct a certain type of export transaction An import quota

7、is a type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. 1 Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are used to benefit the producers of a good in a domestic economy at the expense of all consumers

8、of the good in that economy,A subsidy is an assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributed as subventions in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourag

9、e it to hire more labor.,A voluntary export restraint (VER) or voluntary export restriction is a government imposed limit on the quantity of goods that can be exported out of a country during a specified period of time . Typically VERs arise when the import-competing industries seek protection from

10、a surge of imports from particular exporting countries. VERs are then offered by the exporter to appease the importing country and to deter the other party from imposing even more explicit (and less flexible) trade barriers,Local Content Requirements,The product you produce must contain the local co

11、ntent. February 09 2004 New Local Content RequirementsOn November ,25, 2003 the Ministry of Petroleum issued Order 127/03, which sets out requirements on the procurement of goods and hiring of services by oil companies operating in Angola. Although these companies were already subject to certain res

12、trictions under the terms of their agreements, the Ministry of Petroleum seems committed to tightening up the hiring of foreign contractors by the oil industry.,embargo,An embargo is the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it. Embargoe

13、s are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, to elicit a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed. In 1950s, when the PRC was founded ,it got the embargo from the western countries.,New trade protectionism,New trade protecti

14、onism is derived from the traditional trade protectionism( tariff quota and licensing etc.) As the world prefer a free trade environment ,the traditional protectionism are not as powerful as they used to be.,Since 1970s, western countries have come up with various trade protection theories and corre

15、sponding policies which are regarded as New trade protectionism .It takes non-tariff barriers such as anti-dumping ,anti-subsidies safe guard , green barriers and IPR( intellectual property protection) ,protecting domestic trade and employment ),Forms of new trade protectionism,Anti-dumping Anti-sub

16、sidy Green trade barriers Technical trade barriers intellectual property barriers.,Anti-dumping,Anti-dumping is a tool for protecting domestic industries from surges of cheap foreign imports. Although the WTO strives to eliminate all trade barriers, it recognizes that nations require flexibility to

17、adjust to economic shocks as multilateral agreements increasingly liberalize trade. Thus, these measures allow nations to temporarily protect their economies against fluctuations in trading patterns,Antidumping duties have become the most frequently used instrument of trade protection. Antidumping p

18、rotection can be “abused” to shelter uncompetitive domestic industries from more efficient rather than “unfair” foreign importers. This column shows that antidumping duties protect inefficient domestic firms and impede efficiency gains,Source: Global Antidumping Database.,Figure 1. Newly-Initiated T

19、rade Remedy Investigations, 1Q 2007 - 4Q 2009 As Figure 1 illustrates, developing countries initiated 76.9% of these new investigations compared to 23.1% initiated by developed economies. China continued to be the exporting country most frequently targeted by new investigations, as it was named in 7

20、1.4% (15 of the 21) of the investigations under laws that require the investigating country to identify at least one exporting country inin 4Q 2009,When an EU industry considers that imports of a product from a non-EU country are subsidised and injuring the EU industry producing the same product, it

21、 can lodge a complaint with the EU Commission. The EU has confirmed anti-subsidy and anti-dumping duties on imports of coated paper from China. This is the first time the EU has imposed anti-subsidy duties on imports of products from China. The Council of Ministers agreed on Thursday (5 May) to impo

22、se duties of up to 39.1% on imports of the paper, which is used for high-quality printing such as brochures and magazines.,Source: Global Anti-subsidy Database,Green trade barriers,Green trade barriers refers to government of importing countries erecting trade barriers against importing products by

23、enacting complex environmental protection laws ,establishing environmental technology standard and testing ,examining procedures,In 2011,the Mid-autumn festival ,the Chinese moon cake had been resist by many countries Green trade barrier. The USA, Canada and Spanish resist the moon cakes which conta

24、in yolk(蛋黄）。Australia resist the moon cakes contain meat . Various reasons prevent the Chinese moon cakes step into the world market.,Technical trade barriers,Technical trade barriers refers to some technical measures taken by a country on the grounds of safeguarding national security ,guaranteeing human health ,preserving th