Unit5西方文化导论.ppt

1、U5_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 5,The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1. A General Introduction,2. Focus In,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,After the last Roman emperor was dethroned by the German mercenar

2、y troops in the 5th century, Europe entered the Middle Ages, which lasted about 1000 years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called “the savage”. Consequently, the intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed to some extent because

3、 of these so-called Dark Ages. It was also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic Church. This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep-seated social contradictions and conflicts, which were first demonstrated

4、 in the distress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannical rulers and their unrestrained demands for more power and territory.,Get Started_1.3,Get Started,However, the intellectual decline and retarded social

5、development of the Middle Ages also brought forward some notable personal ties, events and achievements in cultural and social affairs. They made up for a long and tortuous interval before the dawn of the modern age, which was marked by the arrival of the Renaissance in the 14th -15th centuries.,Get

6、 Started_2.1,Get Started,To get a brief view of the history of the period of the Middle Ages To get to know the formation and development of German culture and Byzantine culture To be familiar with Medieval social ideology and literary and artistic achievements To understand the significance and spe

7、cial features of Medieval culture and politics,Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I. The Setting of the Middle Ages,II. The Formation and Development of German Culture,III. Byzantine Culture,IV. Medieval Social Ideology,V. Literature and Art,VI. The Significance and Special Features of Medieval

8、Culture and Politics,Text Study _I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,The Middle Ages: a period in European history from the collapse of the Roman Civilization in the 5th century AD to the period of the Renaissance in the 14th century,Text Study _I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Formation st

9、ages: At the end of the Roman Empire, some barbarous tribes including Celts, Germans and Slavs were formed. At the end of the 1st century AD, the Germans were still in a primitive society. From the end of the 1st century to the 3rd century, Germans introduced class division, and untied their tribes

10、into alliances and often harassed and staged attacks on the Roman borders. Later they moved into Roman territory till the end of the 6th century. A number of small kingdoms were established in Roman territories.,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,With the overthrow of the Western Rom

11、an Empire, a series of kingdoms were set up. Among these kingdoms, the largest was the one founded in 481 AD by Clovis who conquered Gaul and initiated a cooperatively large nation called the Merovingian Dynasty. Gradually it became the most powerful German kingdom. In 752, The Merovingian Dynasty w

12、as toppled and the Carolingian Dynasty founded. In 800, Leo III endowed the crown with the title of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne, and the Frank Kingdom became the Charlemagne Empire.,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,During the reign of Charlemagne the Great, the conflict betwe

13、en the feudalist plantation owners and serfs deepened. And social disintegration occurred after the expansion of the empire, especially after the death of Charlemagne. A civil war took place among three grandsons of Charlemagne from 817 to 843. They concluded the civil war by signing the Treaty of V

14、erdun and divided the empire into three parts: the Eastern Frank Kingdom (later developed into Germany), the West Frank Kingdom (later developed into France), and Middle Kingdom (later made up of Italy). The borderline of the three modern European countries were beginning to take shape.,Text Study _

15、I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教: the part of the Christian Church which accepts the authority of Pope, in distinction to the Orthodox Eastern Church separated from it in 1054 and to the Protestant Church which broke away

16、in the 16th century,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,serfdom 奴隶制: a social system of production in which labourers are bound to work for an estate, rather than being owned by the lord of that estate and could choose to work elsewhere thou

17、gh few would do so in reality,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (55120AD) 塔西佗: A Roman historian. His works include Dialogue on Orator, Germania and two fragments of longer works: Histories and Annals. His style

18、is extremely terse and polished, which earned him much reputation in the later generations.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Celt 凯尔特人: One of the ancient peoples in Europe, originated in the southwest of Germany and then spread to the no

19、rth of Spain and the British isles. Later on they were conquered and absorbed by Romans and barbarians. Some of its descendents and culture were still found in Britain, Ireland, Spain and France.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Attila 阿提

20、拉: king of Huns, famous for his bravery and militancy, which allowed him to overrun much of the Byzantine and Western Roman empires and won many victories until he died of illness before his empire collapsed,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Ter

21、ms,Gaul 高尔人: The Roman province of Gallia, divided into two regions: Cisalpine Gaul in Northern Italy and Transalpine Gaul. The area now comprising France, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands. The former was conquered by the Romans in 222 while the latter was ravaged by Visigoths before it was

22、finally conquered by Clovis and merged into the Frankish kingdom.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,mayor of the palace 宫相: the chief minister of the Frankish kings, who seized more and more power from the kings during the later years of t

23、he Merovingian Kingdom until the eventual usurpation of the throne and the establishment of the Carolingian Dynasty,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,(1) After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved in

24、to _.,A. the modern era B. the Middle Ages C. the new period D. the Renaissance,Comprehension Exercises,A. French B. Italians C. Slavs D. Tartars,Text Study _I_3.2,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(2) The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A. t

25、he elder leader B. the military chief C. the wise man D. the nobleman,Text Study _I_3.3,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(3) The northern tribes were mostly ruled by_.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A. seizing territories B. staging wars C. collecting treasures D. inter-marriage,Text Stu

26、dy _I_3.4,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(4) The Carolingian Dynasty was expanded by_.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A. ministers B. generals C. general assembly D. deputies,Text Study _I_3.5,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(5) Charlemagne offered his reign through the court which

27、worked for the emperor in the guise of the people as symbolized by _.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,Text Study _I_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Which part of the European history is called the Middle Ages? And tell briefly about the formation of the period.,Please see Main Ideas of Par

28、t I: The Setting of the Middle Ages.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _I_pop1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_pop4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1,Text Study,Main Ide

29、as,The Carolingian Culture The Carolingian culture, developed under the influence of the Christian Church, was more backward than its contemporary cultures of Byzantium, Arabia, India and China. Apart from the less-developed economy and culture of the Germans, years of wars, political and social ins

30、tability also contributed to the cultural inferiority. Only priests and monks received education. And the language used in teaching was Latin and the seven subjects. Ancient manuscripts were gathered and copied, which have been kept till this day. In arts, the building of palaces also encouraged the

31、 development of painting and carving and other art forms. In all,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Carolingian literature, education and culture in general advanced through borrowing from late Roman and contemporary Byzantine models and techniques.,The Myths of Scandinavi

32、ans and Germans The ancient German and Norse peoples had made a systematic record of their divinities and religious beliefs. The basis of their northern religion came from a book called Edda, which was divided into Elder Edda and Younger Edda. Edda tells a story of the formation of the world and leg

33、ends of gods and spirits. Modern English names of the weekdays are mostly derived from the names of northern gods.,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Mai

34、n Ideas,Main Ideas,The Charlemagne Legends One part of the legend is about how Charlemagne supported the activities of the Christian Church, helping Pope Leo III to defeat the Roman aristocrats and recover the papal sovereignty. Another part is about how Charlemagne defeated one branch of German-Sax

35、ons after their attack, thus consolidating his rule and expanding his borders.,Text Study _2_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Aachen 亚琛: It was historically a spa town, and a favoured residence of Charlemagne, and the place of coronation of the Kings o

36、f Germany. Geographically, Aachen is the westernmost town of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands. Aachen Cathedral was erected on the orders of,Charlemagne in 786 AD and was on completion the largest cathedral north of the Alps. On his death Charlemagnes remains were

37、interred in the cathedral and can be seen there to this day. The cathedral was extended several times in later ages, which turned it into a curious and unique mixture of building styles.,Text Study _2_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Roland 罗兰: It was

38、a popular legendary figure in medieval Europe. Over the next several centuries, Roland became a “pop icon” in medieval minstrel culture. According to many legends, he was a nephew of Charlemagne (whether or not this was true is unknown), and turned his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian k

39、illed by Islamic forces, which forms part of the medieval Matter of France.,(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latters strong influence on the barbarous tribes. (2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nat

40、ions. (3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. (4) The legends in Charlemagnes life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. (5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different force

41、s of the God, struggling against the primeval giants.,Text Study _2_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,True or false questions.,Comprehension Exercises,F,_,F,_,T,_,T,_,T,_,Text Study _2_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,(1) Tell briefly the measures Charlemagne the Great took to improve the cultu

42、ral conditions of his empire and the results of these measures.,The measures Charlemagne took included care for education and academic studies by asking the church to run schools and inviting famous scholars to lecture at the royal court, the collection and recovering of classical books by copying b

43、ooks borrowed from elsewhere, the reestablishment of cultural customs and ethical norms, and founding of magnificent buildings by pulling down the old buildings in Rome and other historical cities and transporting their materials to the emperors capital.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _2_4.2,Text Stud

44、y,Think and Discuss,Therefore literacy was greatly improved and enhanced among the average, especially among the younger people, who would be chosen to serve the empire. More and more attention was paid to cultural affairs and moral values with the obvious signs of social progress and cultural prosp

45、erity. The cities became beautiful with the increasing numbers of grand buildings put up of Roman type. In a way, cultural revival of the empire was basically launched and modeled on Roman or classical pattern and thus ensured continuity and consistence of Western culture and civilization in spite o

46、f the change of political regimes.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _2_1.1_pop1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,

47、Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_1,Main Ideas,Text Study,(1) Cultural Achievements Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture in its unique way. The

48、 foremost cultural accomplishment of the Eastern Church was the founding of the University of Constantinople whose head, Leo, and his successors turned it into a successful institute of learning in literary and religious subjects.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Literature: Epic of

49、Digenes Akritas Philosophy: The founding of Neo-Platonism, which was a synthetic result of combining Stoicism, Pythagoreanism, Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with Eastern mysticism. It focused on the power of spirit and asserted,man could join God in His actions. It is a result of linking Gree

50、k philosophy and the Eastern mysticism. The principal books of this period included Tours among the Oriental Countries, The History of the Justinian War, and The Secret History.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Architecture: characteristic of both the classical ages and the Eastern c

51、ountries. The Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople was a representation of the Byzantine architectural and artistic style.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_ DVD_Sophia Cathedral,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_1 DVD_Byzantine sculpture,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_4,Main Ideas

52、,Text Study,(2) Christian Culture Administration: Legal codes and administration policies were further improved and made more precise in the Byzantine Empire. It could be seen in the management of ecclesiastical affairs, where the Emperor Justinian gave orders to control the size of churches and mon

53、asteries. In the 7th century, Byzantine Empire became a religious community under ecclesiastical leadership. And this period provided steady urban development and cultural prosperity.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_5,Main Ideas,Text Study,Music: Hymns written by St. Romanos Melodos marked the striking mus

54、ical development of the liturgy during Justinians reign.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_6,Main Ideas,Text Study,Literature: Biography became markedly Christian and markedly popular. Following the pattern used in the 4th century by Athanasius in writing the life of St. Anthony, hagiographers recorded the d

55、eeds of these extraordinary holy men, creating in the saints lifetime a form of literature that went to flower in the 6th and 7th centuries.,Spirit: The increasing veneration accorded with the icon, an abstract and simplified image of Christ, the Virgin, or one of the saints. Icons appeared in both

56、private and public use during the last half of the 6th century. They provided a channel of divinity for the individuals and were carried as talismans to guarantee successes in battle.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_7,Main Ideas,Text Study,Theology: A movement known as Hesychasm sprung up, but was consiste

57、ntly under controversy. Intellect: Rediscovery of ancient Greek learning. The scholar Maximus Planudes compiled a famous anthology and translated a number of Latin works into Greek. Other famous intellectuals are Demetrius Cydones, Nicephorus Gregoras, etc. History: There was a glorious tradition of

58、 Byzantine historiography, which was maintained by a number of figures like George Acropolites, George Pachymeres, Gregoras, and Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus.,Main Ideas,your closet to pray”, hesychasm in tradition has been the process of retiring inward by ceasing to register the senses, in order t

59、o achieve an experiential knowledge of God. Its spokesman was Gregory Palamas, a monk from Athos.,Text Study _3_2.1,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study,Hesychasm 静修：It is an eremitic(隐士的) tradition of prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and some of the Eastern Catholic Churches, such as the Byzantine Rite by the Hesychast. Based on Christs injunction in the Gospel of Matthew to “go into,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by c