兽医专业英语.ppt

1、2020/9/5,1,兽医专业英语English for Students of Veterinary Science,许道军 临床兽医学教研室,2020/9/5,2,第一章 绪 论,目的意义 课程简介 专业英语的特点 教材与参考书刊,2020/9/5,3,目 的 意 义,该课程的教学目的与要求是：学生通过本门课程的学习，达到借助专业词典等工具书来熟练阅读兽医专业英语书刊并掌握兽医专业文献英译汉、汉译英的基本技能。 意义： 英语是世界上使用最广泛的一种语言。据统计，国外约60%的科技文献是用英语发表的，英语为一种国际科技交流的主导语言；(世界科技文献中：英文60，德文11，俄文11，法文7，日

2、文3，西班牙文2，其他6）,2020/9/5,4,2020/9/5,5,2020/9/5,6,课 程 简 介,兽医专业英语是为动物医学专业本科生开设的一门选修课； 共28学时，其中讲授26学时，考查2学时； 主要内容： 科技英语的基本特点、构词法概述 基础兽医学( BASIC VETERINARY SCIENCE) 预防兽医学( PREVENTIVE VETERINARY SCIENCE ) 临床兽医学(CLINICAL VETERINARY SCIENCE ) 兽医专业论文英文摘要的撰写,2020/9/5,7,专业英语的特点,专业词汇使用频率高； 专业词汇的意义比较专一，且词越长，词义越专一

3、： Phosphodihydroxyacetone 磷酸二羟丙酮,2020/9/5,8,专业英语的特点,专业词汇词汇具有国际性。据有关统计，70%以上的科技英语词汇来自拉丁语、希腊语。绝大多数医学、兽医学词汇源于拉丁语、希腊语。 多使用正式规范的书面动词来替代具有同样意义的口语化的动词或动词短语：如用observe来代替look at,用examine代替check等 。 e.g., PCR amplicons were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis 广泛使用缩略语，如： rpm: revolutions per minute; RBC: re

4、d blood cell count/red blood corpuscle(cell) ATP: adenosine triphosphate ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,2020/9/5,9,科技英语的特点,大量使用派生词：添加前、后缀构成新词，由semi-(拉丁)和auto-(希腊)构成的科技词汇就有近500个。 e.g. autoblood (自体血液）, autotoxicosis(自体中毒）; semicoma（半昏迷）, semiantigen（半抗原）;,2020/9/5,10,科技英语的特点,句法 大量使用被动语态。科技英

5、语使用被动语态可以使描述减少主观色彩，增强客观性，而且通过隐去人称主语而使句子尽可能简洁。 e.g., Adult worms of Ascaris（蛔虫） were obtained from human patients after treatment with anthelmintics（打虫药）, or from pigs at necropsy（尸检) The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified from nematode （线虫类）genomic DNA by PCR. DNA:Deoxyribonucl

6、eic acid PCR:Polymerase Chain Reaction,2020/9/5,11,科技英语的特点,常用包含两个及两个以上从句的长句。 A previous study (Palm et al. 1998) has indicated that most parasite species of the Antarctic fish, Notothenia coriiceps, appear to be broadly distributed within Antarctic waters, which would correspond to a low host specif

7、icity in higher latitudes. 大量使用非谓语动词短语及分词短语。 These methods should provide valuable tools for studying the life-cycle and transmission pattern(s) of this parasite .,2020/9/5,12,科技英语的特点,大量使用名词或名词短语。 Infection of humans with nematodes of the genus Ascaris （蛔虫）is of major public health importance in a r

8、ange of countries and affects millions of people. 大量使用形容词做后置定语。 Soil rich in minerals is said to be fertile. 用It作形式主语，替代后面作真正主语的从句或动词不定式短语。 It is well recognised that anisakids(粗尾猿） of some genera（类 、属） are transmissible to humans, where they can cause significant clinical diseases. It is important

9、to understand the life cycles of parasitic nematodes（线虫类）.,2020/9/5,13,科技英语的特点,修辞 修辞手法较少：科技英语不像普通英语那样具有感性形象思维，不具感情色彩，其目的是使读者容易理解而不产生太多的想象。也不经常运用比喻、排比、夸张等修辞手段，而是要准确表达客观规律，按逻辑思维清晰地描述问题。 For example, nematode eggs differ significantly in size and shape.,2020/9/5,14,科技英语的特点,科技英语主要是一种书面语言，它要求严谨、简洁，不要求在文中

10、堆积华丽的词藻，也不要求考虑朗读和吟诵。 The simpler, the better ! 时态应用有限：常用三种，即现在、过去、将来。,2020/9/5,15,学习专业英语的方法,不能急于求成，要有打持久战的准备 具备较好的专业基础知识 熟练掌握专业词汇的构词法 掌握好专业词干 了解科技英语的基本特征,2020/9/5,16,教材与参考书刊,教 材 兽医专业英语(English for Students of Veterinary Science） ，朱兴全主编. 参考书刊 畜牧兽医专业英语学习. 张家骅，田文儒主编. 病理学. 彭杰青编译. 药理学. 方达超编译. 外文期刊,2020/9

11、/5,17,What is a Veterinarian?,Doctors of Veterinary Medicine are medical professionals whose primary responsibility is protecting the health and welfare of animals and people. Veterinarians diagnose and control animal diseases, treat sick and injured animals, prevent the transmission of animal disea

12、ses (“zoonoses，译：人畜共患疾病” ) to people, and advise owners on proper care of pets and livestock. They ensure a safe food supply by maintaining the health of food animals. Veterinarians are also involved in wildlife preservation and conservation and public health of the human population.,2020/9/5,18,Tod

13、ay more than 79,500 veterinarians are professionally active in the United States. They provide a wide variety of services in private clinical practice, teaching, research, government service, public health, military service, private industry, and other areas.,2020/9/5,19,Roles of Veterinarians in Hu

14、man and Animal Health,Public health and food safety Food safety Biosecurity Animal health and welfare Food-producing animals Aquaculture (水产业） Companion animals Laboratory animals Wildlife and conversation Comparative medicine Animal modeling Emerging issues Emerging infectious diseases Ecosystem he

15、alth Social policies, societal needs and expectation Exotic(珍奇的） and caged pet medicine,2020/9/5,20,VETERINARIANS OATH(誓言),Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal h

16、ealth, the relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. （ 我在即将从事兽医职业之际庄重地宣誓，要用我所掌握的科学知识和技能为社会谋利，保护动物健康，解除动物疾苦，保护动物资源，促进公共卫生，提高医学知识水平。） I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in ke

17、eping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics.（ 我将以崇高的品格忠诚我的职业，遵守兽医道德规范。） I accept as a lifelong obligation the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.（ 作为终生的职责，我愿不断地提高自己的专业知识和能力。）,2020/9/5,21,Current status of sexing mammalian spermatozoa,Thousands of offspring h

18、ave now been produced via artificial insemination with spermatozoa sexed by flow cytometry and cell sorting. We are unaware of any other practical approach to sexing spermatozoa that maintains fertility. Accuracy of sexing usually is 8595% in most species, but somewhat lower with human spermatozoa.

19、Spermatozoa are sexed in series, one at a time, at routine rates of about 3000 live spermatozoa of each sex per second for most species, and nearly twice that rate under optimal conditions for some species.,2020/9/5,22,Owing to various constraints and statistical considerations, there appears to be

20、an upper theoretical limit to sexing spermatozoa of about 10 000 live spermatozoa of each sex per second with current methodology.,2020/9/5,23,About a quarter of the spermatozoa processed are sexed; the rest are discarded in the process or lost due to logistical constraints. Spermatozoa undergo some

21、 damage during sorting, although much less in terms of viability than with routine cryopreservation（低温冷冻）; fertility is lower with sexed than control spermatozoa. Offspring from sexed spermatozoa appear to have no more abnormalities than do controls, and both groups grow and thrive （健康生长）similarly.,

22、2020/9/5,24,Despite high costs and complex procedures, sexing spermatozoa, usually followed by cryopreservation, is being used commercially for cattle and horse production in several countries, and is used to produce girls to avoid X-chromosome-linked genetic diseases.（Reproduction(2002) 124, 733743

23、）,2020/9/5,25,兽医专业英语构词法概述,一个英语单词通常可以分为三个部分：词根（stem），前缀（prefix）及后缀（suffix）。 对科技英语名词的构造、含义的深刻理解有助于熟悉专业单词，从而提高专业英语的词汇量和阅读能力。 英语中常见的前缀有： un- 、in- 、im- 、mis-、dis- 、anti- 、de-、under- 、re- 、over-、semi-、equi-、mini-、micro-、macro-、inter-、super-、ex-、extra-、sub-、peri-等等,2020/9/5,26,常见的一些后缀如： -an -ain 如：American

24、, historian -ize, ise 如：modernize, mechanize -ology 如： biology, zoology -able 如： movable, comfortable, -ish 如： boyish, childish -ly 如： possibly等等,2020/9/5,27,兽医专业英语单词中，其构词与公共英语类似，但是其构词多侧重于专业词汇。,2020/9/5,28,如：cyto-（细胞),Cytoactive 细胞活性 cytoanalyzer细胞分析 器 cytoarchitectonics细胞结构(学) cytobiology细胞生物学 cyto

25、blast细胞核 cytoblastema细胞形成质 cytocentrum中心体 cytochemical细胞化学的 cytochimera细胞嵌合体 cytochondria线粒体,2020/9/5,29,cytochrome细胞色素 cytochrome oxidase细胞色素氧化酶 cytocide杀细胞剂 cytoclasis细胞坏死 Cytocyst胞囊 cytoderm细胞壁 cytodesma细胞(间)桥 cytodiaeresis胞体分裂 cytodifferentiation细胞分化 cytoecology细胞生态学,2020/9/5,30,cytofertilizin细胞

26、受精素 cytofibril胞质原纤维 cytogene胞质基因 cytogenesis细胞发生, 细胞生成 cytogenetic map细胞遗传学图 cytogenetics细胞遗传学 cytoglobin细胞球蛋白 cytogony细胞性生繁殖 cytohistogenesis细胞(组织)发生 cytohistology细胞组织学,2020/9/5,31,cytoid似细胞的, 细胞状的 cytokinetic细胞动力学的 cytokinetics细胞动力学 cytologic diagnosis细胞学诊断 cytolymph细胞液, 细胞浆 cytolysis细胞溶解 cytoma细胞

27、瘤 cytomegalic巨细胞的 cytomegalovirus细胞巨化病毒 cytomembrane细胞膜,2020/9/5,32,cytometaplasia细胞变异 cytometer血细胞计数器 cytomorphology细胞形态学 cytomorphosis细胞形成 Cytomycin胞霉素 cytonecrosis细胞坏死 cytopathic细胞病的 cytopathic effect细胞病理效应 cytopathology细胞病理学 cytophagy细胞吞噬作用,2020/9/5,33,cytophotometer细胞光度计 cytophysics细胞物理学 cytoph

28、ysiology细胞生理学 cytoplasm细胞质 cytoplasmic cycle胞质周期 cytotherapy细胞疗法 再如：genesis(发生、起源） cytogenesis 细胞发生 Spermiogenesis 精子形成 等等,2020/9/5,34,对于兽医专业英语的单词学习要靠平时的逐步积累，在阅读专业英语文献时有意识的依靠构词法来进行记忆可以提高效率。 同时在专业英语中，还有很多词是由几个单词固定搭配而成的，共同构成一个专业词汇（其相当于中文的一个专业名词） 如：cardiac （心脏的） cardiac activity 心搏动 cardiac atrophy 心(脏

29、)萎缩 cardiac efficiency 心效率, 心力 cardiac hypertrophy 心脏肥大 cardiac index 心脏(输出)指数,2020/9/5,35,CHAPTER TWO,Lesson Four Muscle A unique characteristic of muscle cells is the presence of a substructure of myofilaments（肌丝）that provides them with the ability to contract. Although the arrangement of the myof

30、ilaments in cells of smooth muscle differs from that of cells of skeletal and cardiac（心脏的）muscle, the contraction process is the same. This process occurs when the filaments slide past one another resulting in a shortening of the cell.,2020/9/5,36,myofilaments（肌丝） Myoglia 肌胶质细胞 Myoglobin 肌球素 Myoglob

31、inuria 肌红蛋白尿 myogram医 肌动(描记)图 Myohematin 肌细胞色素 等等 cardiac（心脏的） cardiant 心脏兴奋剂 cardiataxia 心搏失调 cardiatelia 心发育不全 cardiectomy 心部分切除术,2020/9/5,37,Smooth muscle is involuntary. Its cells are long and tapered（锥型的） and have an elongated nucleus located about midway between the ends of each cell. Smooth m

32、uscle consists of groups of these cells bound together by connective tissue fibers. Students often encounter difficulty in distinguishing smooth muscle from the surrounding connective tissue. It is helpful to know that smooth muscle presents an overall dull, pink appearance in hematoxylin(苏木精） and e

33、osin （伊红）preparations, while fibers of the connective tissue are considerably more retractile and appear bright pink and shiny by comparison. Smooth muscle is found in a variety of places, for example, throughout the digestive tract, in blood vessels, in the urinary bladder（膀胱）, in the capsules（腔体）

34、of some organs, and in bronchi（支气管）.,2020/9/5,38,bronchi支气管 bronchiole 细支气管 bronchiolitis细支气管炎 bronchitis支气管炎 bronchography支气管造影( 术) bronchoscope气管镜 bronchotomy气管切开术,2020/9/5,39,Skeletal muscle is striated（有条纹的） and voluntary. Cells are multinucleated（多核的） and may be 3 or 4 cm long. Cross-striations

35、 result from the precise registration of the A, I, H, and M bands of the sarcomeres （肌小节）of the myofibrils. Nuclei are located peripherally, immediately below the sarcolemma（肌纤维膜）. Individual cells are grouped into fascicles（肌束）. Each fascicle, in turn, is surrounded by a perimysium （肌束膜）of loose co

36、nnective tissue.,2020/9/5,40,Each cell within a fascicle is closely invested by delicate reticular fibers（网状纤维）, the endomysium（肌内膜）. Groups of fascicles are bound together by a sheath of dense connective tissue（结缔组织）, the epimysium（肌外膜）. Collagenous fibers （胶原纤维）of tendons（腱） insert into invaginati

37、ons（内陷处） at the ends of the muscle cell, anchoring（锚定） the tendon to an external lamina（薄层）, which is adherent to the sarcolemma （肌纤维膜）.,2020/9/5,41,Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. It forms the myocardium（心肌） of the heart and occurs in the walls of the major vessels carrying blood to and

38、 from the heart, including the aorta（大动脉）, pulmonary artery（肺动脉）, pulmonary vein（肺静脉）, and vena cava（腔静脉）. A single, centrally located nucleus occurs in most cells. Occasionally, however, a cell with two nuclei may be seen. The cells cross-striations result from the precise registration of sarcomeri

39、c （肌原纤维肌节）bands as in skeletal muscle. Unlike cells of skeletal or smooth muscle, cells of cardiac muscle branch and anastomose（吻合） with one another. Special cell-surface modifications called intercalated discs（闰盘） join cells of cardiac muscle together end to end.,2020/9/5,42,Some cells of cardiac m

40、uscle are modified and function as a conducting system that helps to coordinate the heart beat. These modified cells are the functional elements of the sinoatrial node（窦房结）, atrioventricular node（房室结）, and the Purkinje fibers（浦肯野氏纤维）. Ventricular （心，脑）室的 ventricle 室, 脑室, 心室 Ventriculostomy 脑室切开术 Ven

41、triculopuncture 脑室穿刺术 Ventriculogram 脑室造影照片,2020/9/5,43,myofilament maiufilmnt n. 肌丝 endomysium endmizim n. 肌内膜 cardiac k:dik a. 心脏的 sheath i: n. 鞘 filament filmnt n. 丝 collagenous kldins a. 胶原的，产生胶原的 elongate i:leit a. 拉长的，延伸的，细长的 tendon tendn n. 腱 connective knktiv a. 连接的，结合的，结蒂的 hematoxylin hi:mt

42、ksilin n. 苏木精 invagination invdinein n. 折入，凹入，内陷，套迭 eosin i:sin n. 伊红 lamina lmin n. 板，层 retractile ritrktil a. 可退缩的，可缩回的,2020/9/5,44,myocardium miuk:dim n. 心肌（层） urinary bladder 膀胱 aorta ei:t n. 主动脉 bronchi brki n. 支气管 pulmonary artery 肺动脉 sarcomere s:kmi n. 肌（原纤维）节 vena cava 腔静脉 myofibril miufibri

43、l n. 肌原纤维 anastomose nstmuz vi.vt. (使) 吻合 peripheral prifrl a. 外周的，周围的，末梢的 intercalate int:kleit vt. 插入 sarcolemma s:kulem n. 肌纤维膜，肉膜 sinoatrial node 窦房结 perimysium perimisim n . 肌束膜 atrioventricular eitriuventrikjul a. 房室的,2020/9/5,45,Additional reading material,Muscle Muscle cells, like neurons(神经

44、细胞）, can be excited chemically, electrically, and mechanically to produce an action potential （动作电位） that is transmitted along their cell membrane. They contain contractile(有收缩性的) proteins and, unlike neurons, they have a contractile mechanism that is activated by the action potential.,2020/9/5,46,M

45、uscle is generally divided into three types, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, although smooth muscle is not a homogeneous （均一的，同类的）single category. Skeletal muscle comprises the great mass of the somatic musculature(肌肉组织). It has well-developed cross-striations, does not normally contract in the absen

46、ce of nervous stimulation, lacks anatomic and functional connections between individual muscle fibers, and is generally under voluntary control.,2020/9/5,47,Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations, but it is functionally syncytial （合胞体的）in character and contracts rhythmically（有节奏） in the absence of

47、 external innervation(神经分布, 神经支配) owing to the presence in the myocardium of pacemaker cells （起搏细胞）that discharge spontaneously.,2020/9/5,48,Smooth muscle lacks cross-striations. The type found in most hollow viscera（内脏） is functionally syncytial （合胞体的） in character and contains pacemakers that disc

48、harge irregularly. The type found in the eye and in some other locations is not spontaneously active and resembles skeletal muscle. There are contractile proteins similar to those in muscle in many other cells, and it appears that these proteins are responsible for cell motility, mitosis（有丝分裂）, and

49、the movement of various components within cells. 注：Miosis(减数分裂）,2020/9/5,49,Skeleton,The skeleton is the basic framework of the animal. It gives it shape and size. The skeleton carries and supports the weight of the body. It protects some organs from external damage, e.g ribs（肋骨） protect the heart a

50、nd lungs and skull( 头骨) protects the brain. New blood cells develop in the marrow of some bones. Joints between bones allow the animal to move. The bones contain reserves （储备）of some elements which the animal can mobilize（动员） when they are needed by the body.,2020/9/5,50,The skeleton develops in the

51、 unborn animal from cartilage(软骨) which hardens as chemical salts are deposited in it. In the aged animal the amount of mineral in the bone increases. This makes the bones brittle. Bones grow in both length and thickness. The bones of the skeleton do not develop at the same rate in the growing anima

52、l. The proportion of one bone to the whole of the skeleton changes as the animal grows. The skull and hind limbs（后肢) of a new-born lamb form a high percentage of the skeleton but this decreases as the lamb( 羔羊) grows. Hind limbs develop faster than fore limbs.,2020/9/5,51,Animal breeders by careful

53、selection can change the shape and size of the skeleton and thus the animal. Sometimes the changes produce weakness in the skeleton. Very long pigs can suffer from back troubles. Movement depends on the joints between the bones to move under muscle action. Joints fall into three categories: sliding

54、joints; Hinged（铰链） joints; ball-and-socket （球窝）joints.,2020/9/5,52,Sliding joints. In these joints the two bone ends that form the joint are smooth and slightly curved. They are able to slide over each other allowing movement. The bones are held together by ligaments (系带, 韧带)attached to the outer me

55、mbrane of the two bones. Hinged joints. The bones forming the joint have enlarged surface areas that key into each other. This forms strong joint, but limits movement in the joint to one plane.,2020/9/5,53,Ball-and-socket joints. These very strong joints have large surface areas of contact which spr

56、eads the weight put on the joint. Movement is limited (rotary with some sideways movement) The joints of the skeleton need oiling to reduce wear( 磨损). Where the bones meet, they are covered with a pack of cartilage(软骨） which acts as a shock absorber and provides a wear-resistant surface. Over the ca

57、rtilage is a membrane which produces a fluid to lubricate (润滑)the joint. Movement in joints is caused by the contraction and expansion of muscles associated with that joint.,2020/9/5,54,Lesson Five Skin,The skin covers the body and protects it against injury; it plays an important part in temperatur

58、e control and enables the animal to respond to various external stimuli by virtue of its many nerve endings. There are numerous local modifications of skin, but at present we are concerned only with its more general properties.,2020/9/5,55,The skin varies greatly in thickness and flexibility, both a

59、mong species and locally. It is naturally thicker in larger animals (though not in constant proportion to their size) and in more exposed areas; these inequalities are obviously important to the surgeon. Although the skin is generally closely molded to the underlying structures, it appears redundant in some areas, forming folds and creases（皱褶）; some folding allows for change in posture, some is an adaptation to increase the area through which heat may be dissipated（消散的） to the environment.,2020/9/5