发展心理学 智力.ppt

1、Intelligence 智力,intelligence,To the layperson, the term usually includes the abilities to reason logically, speak fluently, solve problems, learn efficiently, and display an interest in the world at large ( SieglerSternberg et al.1981),intelligence,Although the concept has been the subject of resear

2、ch and theorizing for more than a century, no single definition has been commonly agreed on, and no one measurement tool assesses intelligence to everyones satisfaction. 尽管研究及推理工作超过一个世纪，但智力仍然很难被定义。一些流派的争论悬而未决,What is intelligence?,One prominent issue: whether intelligence is a unitary phenomenon or

3、consists of various separate skills and abilities 智力一元论还是多元论（是一种完整、综合的能力，还是由许多独立的因素所构成的） A second major issue: the best way to conceptualize intelligence 用什么方式去定义智力,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Galton believed people differ in their ability to discriminate among varying physical stimuli. 高尔顿认为人们辨别不

4、同物理刺激的能力是不同的，先天就有差异 Such differences, according to Galton, are largely innate.,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,It was Cattell who coined the term mental test. 卡特尔首创“心理测验”这一术语 The first formal inelligence test was created in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Simon. 1905年比内设计了第一个正式的智力测验,Psychometric approaches心理

5、测量方法,With the Binet-Simon test, the mental testing movement was born, and psychometrics became firmly entrenched as a model for understanding intelligence. 由此，智力测验运动兴起，并且建立了智力的心理测量模型,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Psychometric models of intelligence are based on the testing of large groups of individ

6、uals to quantify differences in abilities. 智力的心理测量模型基于团体测验中对能力差异的量化。 The basic assumption 基本假设是：智力测验中低于平均值或正常水平的人智商低，反之则高。,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Spearmans Two-Factor Theory 斯皮尔曼两因素说 Intelligence consists of two parts: g因素，一般因素，是人的基本心理潜能，是决定一个人能力高低的主要因素。 s, specific knowledge and abilities 是保

7、证人们完成某些特定作业或活动所必须的,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities 瑟斯顿群因素论 He proposed that the following seven mental abilities are components of intelligence: (1)visual comprehension 视觉理解力 as measured by vocabulary and reading comprehension tests,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Thu

8、rstones Primary Mental Abilities 瑟斯顿群因素论 (2)Word fluency词语流畅性: the ability to generate a number of words in a short period of time (3) Number facility数字能力: the ability to solve arithmetic problems,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities 瑟斯顿群因素论 (4) Spatial visualization空间视觉

9、: the mental manipulation of geometric forms or symbols (5) Memory记忆力 : the ability to recall lists of words, sentences, or pictures,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities 瑟斯顿群因素论 (6) Reasoning推理能力: the ability to solve analogies or other problems involving formal relation

10、s (7) Perceptual speed感知速度: the ability to recognize symbols rapidly,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Guilfords Structure-of-Intellect Approach 吉尔福特 三维结构模型 180 factors in intelligence组合产生180种智力 These factors are generated by three elements: Operations, contents, and products 操作，内容，产品,Psychometric appro

11、aches心理测量方法,Guilfords Structure-of-Intellect Approach 吉尔福特 三维结构模型 Six operations, mental processes such as memory and divergent production Five contents, modalities to which intelligence can be applied Six products, that an individual can master,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Fluid and Crystallized I

12、ntelligence 流体智力与晶体智力 Fluid intelligence: biologically based mental abilities that are relatively uninfluenced by cultural experiences. 在信息加工和问题解决过程中所表现出来的能力,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 流体智力与晶体智力 Crystallized intelligence: mental skills derived from cultural exp

13、erience. 指获得语言、数学等知识的能力，决定于后天学习,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing 智力加工速度 Individuals vary in the speed with which they conduct certain cognitive activities. 个体在完成特定认知活动时加工速度是不同的。,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing 智力加

14、工速度 Individual differences in visual attention exist from early childhood and reflect variations in the speed of processing visual information (BornsteinColombo,1993),Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing 智力加工速度 such individual differences in speed of processing

15、 information may be related to intelligence, particularly g, the general intelligence originally described by Spearman (Jensen,1982;JensenVernon,1983),Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing 智力加工速度 Individuals may differ in their processing speed because of variat

16、ions in motivation and attention to the task rather than differences in intellectual ability.,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 斯滕伯格的智力三元理论 他认为，一个完备的智力理论必须说明智力的三个方面，即智力的内在成分，智力成分与经验的关系，以及智力成分的外部作用,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Sternbergs Tr

17、iarchic Theory of Intelligence 斯滕伯格的智力三元理论 Consists of three major subtheories: The contextual subtheory智力情境亚理论 The componential subtheory智力成分亚理论 The two-facet subtheory智力经验亚理论,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 斯滕伯格的智力三元理论 The contextual subtheory智力情

18、境亚理论 Asserts that intelligence must be considered as an adaption to the unique environment in which the individual lives “有目的地适应、选择、塑造与生活有关的真实的环境世界”,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 斯滕伯格的智力三元理论 The componential subtheory智力成分亚理论 Focuses on the intern

19、al mental processes involved in intelligent functioning 智力包括三种成分及相应的三个过程，即元成分，操作成分，知识获得成分,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 斯滕伯格的智力三元理论 The two-facet subtheory智力经验亚理论 Describes intelligent individuals in terms of (1) their ability to deal with novelt

20、y and (2) their tendency to automatize cognitive processes. （1）处理新任务和新环境时所需求的能力 （2）信息加工过程自动化的能力,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences 加德纳的智力多元理论 “an ability (or skill) to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural se

21、ttings”,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences 加德纳的智力多元理论 Seven distinct intelligence: Linguistic 言语智力: a sensitivity to the meanings and order of words, as well as the functions of language Musical音乐智力: a sensitivity to pitch, tone, and timbre, as well as

22、musical patterns,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences 加德纳的智力多元理论 Logico-mathermatical逻辑-数学智力: the ability to handle chains of reasoning, numerical relations, and hierarchical relations Spatial空间智力: the capacity to perceive the world accurately and to tran

23、sform and recreate perceptions,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences 加德纳的智力多元理论 Bodily-kinesthetic运动智力: the ability to use ones body or to work with objects in highly differentiated and skillful ways Intrapersonal自知智力: the capacity to understand ones own f

24、eelings and use them to guide behavior,Information-processing approaches信息加工方法,Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences 加德纳的智力多元理论 Interpersonal社交智力: the ability to notice and make distinctions among the moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others,Measuring Intelligence,Intelligence

25、quotient The IQ score may or may not be a good indicator of intelligence functioning,Measuring Intelligence,IQ分数假设在人群中呈正态分布，少于3%的人群落在正常智力范围之外. IQ分数超过2个标准差的儿童分数超过130被认为是天才，得分低于70则归为智力障碍,Giftedness,（一）天才 Intellectual ability, academic aptitude, creativity, leadership, and visual or performing arts 美国教

26、育部门定义天才的能力为：智力能力、理论能力、创新性、领导力、视觉和表现艺术,Giftedness,在一项研究中，2个儿童是专业国际象棋玩家，其中1个具备音乐天赋，是在特定老师的指导下花费很多小时实践他们的能力被发现的，在另一项研究中，世界级音乐家、数学家、运动员在童年时期明显地接受了来自父母、老师、教练的鼓励，并且他们接受了若干年的技能训练。,Giftedness,在智力三原型理论中，斯腾伯格扩展了我们对天才的理解，超越了IQ高分数的心理测量标准。 他认为天才儿童显示了几种独特的信息加工能力。 Gifted children show several unique information-processing skills,Giftedness,在解决问题时，他们倾向于花费很多时间去计划-选择和组织信息的策略。方法倾向于整体而不是局部，反应了更好的元认知能力 Much time in planning Less time in encoding the details More global than local,Giftedness,对于处理新异事物和自动化加工能力，他们能力更好地辨别有用的问题解决策略 Gifted children are better able to deal with novelty and t