猪饮水管理.ppt

1、Water “The Forgotten Nutrient”,P.A. Thacker,水-被遗忘的营养,Functions of Water水的功能,Temperature Regulation体温调节 Transportation运输 Chemical Reactions生化反应 Lubrication润滑剂 Protection保护,Sources of Water For Swine猪体内水的来源,Drinking Water饮水 Water in Feed饲料中的水 Metabolic Water代谢产生的水,Routes of Water Excretion水排泄的途径,Lungs

2、肺 Skin皮肤 Kidney肾脏 Feces粪便,Factors Affecting Water Requirements影响水需求的因素,Environmental Temperature环境温度 Relative Humidity相对湿度 Health of Pig猪健康状况 Amount of Feed Consumed采食量 Protein Content of Diet食物的蛋白含量 Salt Content of Diet食物中盐的含量 Water Content of Diet食物的水分含量 Water Salinity水中的盐含量,Reasons for Reduced Wa

3、ter Consumption造成饮水下降的原因,Low Water Pressure水压低 Rusted or Blocked Pipes铁锈或杂物堵塞管道 Frozen Water Lines结冰 Water Supply Turned Off水源关闭 Too Many Pigs in Pen猪的密度过大,水流量不够,水流量不够,水管漏水,饮水设施不健全,Symptoms of Water Deprivation缺水的征兆,Reduced Feed Intake采食量下降 Increased Heart Rate心跳过快 Increased Body Temperature体温升高 Inc

4、reased Respiration呼吸急促 Death死亡,Never Restrict Water Intake of Pigs猪绝对不要限水,Estimated Water Requirements水的需要量,Cleary,(1983),Pederson,(1994),Lumb,(1998),Suckling Pigs乳猪,-,1-2,0.27,Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪,3-5,1-5,1.2,Grow/Finish育肥猪,5-7,5-10,5-6,Gestating怀孕母猪,12-15,12-20,5-8,Lactating泌乳母猪,18-23,25-35,15-30,Rec

5、ommended Water Flow Rates for Swine (L/min)水流量推荐,Gadd,(1988),Carr,(1993),Pederson,(1994),Suckling Pigs乳猪,0.25,0.30,0.5,Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪,0.50,0.7,0.5-0.8,30 kg Grow育成猪,0.66,1.0,0.8,70 kg Finish育肥猪,0.75,1.5,1.2,Gestating Sows怀孕母猪,2.25,1.5-2.0,1.5-2.0,Lactating Sows泌乳母猪,2.25,2.5,4.0,Suckling Pigs乳猪,Re

6、lationship between water consumption in first week and preweaning mortality 第一周的饮水量与断奶前的死亡率相关 High water intake stimulates creep feed consumption 饮水增加刺激采食量的增加,Water Use by Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪水的饮水量,Affected by water nipple position 受水嘴位置的影响 Water use higher with higher flow rate水压越高饮水量越大 Consume more w

7、ater with pelleted diets than with mash吃颗粒料比吃粉料的饮水量大,Calculation of Daily Water Intake of Weanling Pigs (L/day)断奶仔猪饮水量的计算,Water Intake饮水量 = 1.49 + (3.053 daily feed intake in kg) 每天采食量 Brooks et al., 1984,Effect of Flow Rate of Water on Weanling Pig Performance水流速对生产性能的影响,Water Delivery Rate (mls/mi

8、nute)水流速,175,350,450,700,Time Spent Drinking (min)饮水耗时,4.46,2.97,2.93,2.32,Water Intake (L/day)饮水量,0.78,1.04,1.32,1.63,Feed Intake (g/day)采食量,303,323,341,347,Daily Gain (g/day)日增重,210,235,250,247,Feed Efficiency饲料效率,1.48,1.39,1.37,1.42,Topplis and Tibble, 1994,Effect of Dry or Liquid Feeding on Wean

9、ling Pig Performance干喂与湿喂对生产性能的影响,Dry Feed干料,Liquid Feed湿料,Feed Intake (g/day)采食量,545,654,Daily Gain (g/day)日增重,397,454,Feed Efficiency料肉比,1.37,1.44,Total Water Usage总水量,(ml/pig/day),1499,2028,Effluent Production污水产生,(ml/pig/day),982,1189,Russell et al., 1996,Effect of Type of Drinker on Weanling Pi

10、g Performance不同饮水方式对生产性能的影响,Control Nipple,Drinkers,Experimental,Turkey Drinkers,Starting Weight(kg)初始体重,6.2,6.2,Finishing Weight (kg)末尾体重,22.1,23.7,Daily gain (g)日增重,388,427,Daily Feed Intake (g)日采食量,686,738,Feed Efficiency料肉比,1.77,1.73,Gadd, 1997,Growing-Finishing Pigs生长育肥猪,A high delivery rate (9

11、00 cm3/min) increased water use compared with a low delivery rate (300 cm3/min). 水流量越大饮水量越大 Increasing the number of nipples per pen from one to two had no effect on performance. 水嘴增加对生产性能无影响 Water use increased at temperatures over 30 C.温度超过30度后饮水增加,Water Consumption of Lactating Sows泌乳母猪的饮水,18 kg,

12、Lightfoot, 1978,18 kg,Lightfoot and,Armsby, 1984,20 kg,Bauer, 1982,25 kg,Riley, 1978,Effect of Water Flow Rate on the Performance of Lactating Sows (ml/min)不同水流对泌乳母猪性能的影响,70,700,Sow Lactation Weight Loss (kg)失重,26.8,18.6,Sow Feed Intake (kg/day)采食量,3.7,4.4,Piglet Weaning Weight (kg)仔猪断奶重,6.0,6.4,Hop

13、pe et al., 1987,Factors Affecting Water Quality影响水质的因素,Dissolved Minerals溶解矿物 Toxic Elements有毒物质 Pesticide Residues农药残留 Pathogenic Organisms病原微生物 Industrial Wastes工业废物 Fecal Material粪便污染,Water Quality Standards For Livestock水源要求,Parameter参数,Good Quality高品质,Satisfactory一般,TDS (ug/ml)总矿物,100 - 1500,15

14、00 - 3000,Hardness (ug/ml)硬度,0 - 20,200 - 500,Calcium (ug/ml)钙,0 - 100, 150,Magnesium (ug/ml)镁,0 - 100,Sodium (ug/ml)钠,0 - 300,300 - 500,Alkalinity (ug/ml)碱度,0 - 500,500 - 1000,Sulfates (ug/ml)硫酸盐,0 - 500,500 - 1000,Nitrates (ug/ml)硝酸盐,0 - 90,100,pH,7 - 8.5,6.5 - 9.5,Iron (ug/ml)铁,0 - 0.3,0.3 - 1.0,Techniques to Reduce Water Wastage减少水源浪费的技术,Impr