北交大-交通安全1.ppt

1、TRANSPORTATION SAFETY,Chapter 1,Introduction,A. General Facts,Some Data - 42,116 lives (traffic related fatalities) and more than 3 million traffic related injuries in 2001. - Transportation accidents are the seventh single leading cause of death in the United States. - Motor vehicle crashes are the

2、 leading cause of death for people for every age from 4 through 33 years old (based on 1998 data). - Transportation crashes remain the leading cause of accidental death (Tables 1 and 2). - Motor vehicle collisions account for more than about 90 percent of transportation-related deaths and an even hi

3、gher percentage of transportation injuries.,2.Some Issues - The highest priority is to “Promote public health and safety by working toward the elimination of transportation-related deaths, injuries and property damage” - Safety rate is usually used for crash analysis. Safety rates are estimated by d

4、ividing the number of events (crashes, fatalities, injuries, etc) by some measure of exposure or subgroup (population, number of trips, vehicle miles traveled, registered vehicles, driver licensed, etc). - Reduction in fatality rates may be mainly attributed to improvements in the vehicle systems, b

5、etter education, higher efficiencies of the emergency management systems, increased law enforcement, and better transportation policies. - Special concerns Transportation to and from schools, pedestrian and bicycle, special population groups, transportation data needs, security of transportation sys

6、tems against crime and terrorism, international trends in road safety, etc.,B. Some Safety Concerns,1. Transportation of School Children - School bus safety has received the most notice, but other issues such as safety of school children transported by cars, by transit, or while walking or biking to

7、 school are also keys. - Leading modes of school transportation according to the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) by DOT 1995 (POV 50%, school buses 32%, walking 10%, biking 1%). - Number of fatal crashes and fatalities among occupants aged 5-19 occurred during school year, between t

8、he hours of 6 am to 9 am and 2 pm to 5 pm: Automobiles and other private vehicles accounted for most of the incidents. - School buses provide one of the safest forms of transportation according to the statistics. From 1987 to 1997, out of a total of 420,000 fatal traffic crashes, 1,298 or just over

9、0.3% were school bus related. Nevertheless, school bus safety draws greater attention whenever an incident happens.,- Most of the children involved in school bus related crashes were killed outside the bus. Most of the children were struck when they were exiting or boarding. - Countermeasures: drive

10、r training, educating children about safety, enforcement, etc. - Florida Study by CUTR. 2.Pedestrian and Bicycles Safety - Pedestrian and bicycle fatalities have declined more rapidly than motorist fatalities. - NPTS: walking trips declined from 9.3% to 5.5% between 1977 and 1995, while bicycle trip

11、s increased from 0.6% to 0.9%. - Usually pedestrians and bicyclists are combined together as non-motorized transportation, but they are very different in demographics, sources of injuries, physics of operation, ways of following traffic laws, legal responsibilities, etc.,- Pedestrian accounted for 7

12、8,000 (2.6%) of 3.0 million injuries in 2001 but 4882 (11.6%) of the 42,116 highway fatalities. - Concerns of relative risk lack of exposure data. - Children 5-15 years old accounted for 16% of the US population in 1997 but 20% of pedestrian injuries and 9% of pedestrian fatalities. - Elderly 65 yea

13、rs and older accounted for 13% of the population but 8% of injuries and 22% of fatalities. - 29% of pedestrians killed in crashes in 1997 were intoxicated (BAC0.1 or more). Alcohol use by motorist is also a factor for pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. - Visibility: two-thirds of all pedestrian fa

14、talities occurred during low light conditions, 81% of pedestrian fatalities of 21 to 44 years age group occurred during low light conditions. - Bicycle safety: Fewer deaths than for pedestrians but nearly as many injuries. In 2001, 728 bicyclists were killed and 45,000 were injured.,- Although 90% o

15、f bicycle fatalities involve a collision with a motor vehicle, most bicycle injuries do not involve a motor vehicle. Most common types of bicycle injuries are due to falls and collision with fixed objects. - Bicycle fatalities by age of bicyclists (1875 to 1997) - Most crashes occurred when bicyclis

16、t and motorist were on intersecting paths or when one was turning. - Countermeasure ideas for improving bicycle safety are: (1) Wearing a helmet reduces the risk of head and brain injury among cyclist by about 70% (2) Obeying traffic rules. (3) Using lights and reflectors at night. (4) Establishing

17、more bicycle lanes on or near urban roads.,3.Safety of Special Population Groups - Groups: older drivers, elderly, young drivers, school age children, people with disabilities, international tourists, pedestrians, bicyclists, new immigrants, etc. - Addressing general safety problems of every body is

18、 not effective all the time. Different groups have different needs and highway safety problems. - Another way is to address the critical issues and concerns of special population groups separately. Usually those groups identified as high risk. - Research Study by Lu at USF 4.Transportation Data Need

19、s - While there is a great deal of information known about transportation accidents and incidents and the resulting fatalities, injuries, and property damage, there is much that is unknown.,- Out of the two broad categories of safety data, i.e., outcome data and exposure data, the second one is hard

20、er to collect and not accurately available in most of the cases. - The major exposure data needs include: (1) Because the common exposure measure for highway mode (VMT- vehicle-mile traveled) is derived from a sample, methods to improve that and error bars of VMT would be very useful interpreting fa

21、tality and crash rates. (2) Measures of exposures of specific populations (e.g. Elderly drivers, and children) and exposure to specific conditions (e.g. adverse weather, light conditions, etc) are not available particularly for highway mode. (3) Exposure measures for commercial waterborne and pipeline modes (4) A better measure of exposure for recreational boating, etc. - Major outcome data need lies with detailed information on property damage only crashes in highway mode.,5. International Trends in Road Safety - In 1996, more than 671 mil