四级翻译语法.ppt

1、四级翻译语法,1.简介,在四级新题型考试中，翻译题所占分值为5%。由5个句子组成，要求考生将句子的一部分由中文翻译成英文。它考查的内容主要包括两部分，一是意群的表达，二是句法。,2.分析考题,翻译考题的考点通常是： 一、语法结构 (grammar)、 二、重点单词 (key words)、 三、固定搭配 (set structures)。,3.解题技巧,1)首先，确定关键词(一般由两个词或词组组成)，寻找可能的英文相应表达； 2)然后，利用相应的语法结构或功能连接方式(connectives)将两个英文词或词组连接起来； 3)最后，结合待翻译的文字在句子中所处的位置与功能，根据句法结构理顺语言

2、。,4.解题步骤,第一步：首先快速浏览句子，先看英语不看汉语，从而判断划线处所填句子 的形式、时态。 形式包括： 1.词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等) 2.虚拟 3.被动 4. 倒装 时态指根据前后已经给出的英语句子判断所填英语句子的时态。 第二步：看括号里面的汉语句子，以核心谓语动词为切入点，找准主谓宾、 分清定状补。 第三步：先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补，切块对应翻译，重新组合。动词注 意时态，名词注意单复数。 第四步：通读句子，检查错误。看看句子是否通顺，你的翻译跟原来的英文 是否协调一致。,虚拟语气,倒装,从句,非谓语动词,虚拟语气,时态后退,1由 “ if ”引导的

3、虚拟句子 2it is time that 3if only 4. wish 5would rather as if even if,Should +原形,一、虚拟语气在条件句中,If+主语+动词的过去式 （动词be用were),主语+should,would, might,could动词 原形,If+主语+had +过去分词,主语should, would, might, could have done,1、If+主语+动词过去式 2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形 3、If+主语+should +动词原形,主语should, would might, could动词 原形,eg:

4、If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If he had hurried ,he could have caught the train. If I were to go abroad ,I would go to America.,如果我是你，我就会努力学习,如果我知道他的电话号码，我就给他打电话了,如果明天下雨的话，我们会取消比赛,If I were you, I would work harder at my lessons.,If I had known his telephone number, I would have called

5、him.,If it should were to rain, we would call off the match.,More practice:,在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式,If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have

6、 met him. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.,1. It is (high / about ) time that,虚拟语气在其他从句中,It is high time that you went / should go to school.,2. If only 引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊),If only I knew the answer! If only I had seen the film yest

7、erday!,3.wish 后面的宾语从句中 一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：,表现在过去时 表过去过去完成时 表将来would, might, could动词原形,I wish (that) I were a bird. I wish (that) I had seen the film last night. I wish (that) I wouldcould go.,4. would rather,I would rather you told me the truth. I would rather you had gone there last Sund

8、ay.,5. as if ( as though),He treats /treated the boy as if he were his own son.,He speaks/ spoke as if he had known about it.,5. even if ( even though)即使,Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.,Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.,Should + 动词原形,1. insist（坚持），suggest（建

9、议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。.,We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.,They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.,在suggestion

10、 / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中,2. 用于表语从句和同位语从句,My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it.,My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.,We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.,3. 在It

11、is demanded/suggested/ordered/required. that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型 It is demanded that we should work out a plan.,倒装,1Only+状语 2. 否定词,1当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装 Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion. 只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。 Only in this way can we catch up

12、with the worlds advanced levels in science and technology. 只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。,Only in the small town_.(他才感到安全和放松),does she feel secure and relaxed,2never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。 这类词或词组常用的有：never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，under no circumstances，under no condition，in

13、no way(决不) ，in no case(决不)，neither (nor)，no sooner (than)，hardly (when)，barely(仅仅，几乎不)，on no account，in no circumstances(决不)，not a bit，nowhere，not only，but also等。,Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。,从句,名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 定语从句 状语从句,名词性从句,名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的主谓

14、结构，名词性从句有主语从 句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句等，引导名词性从句的连接词可以有以下三种： 1.连接词 that, whether , if ; 2.连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which ; 3.连接副词 when, where, why, how.,主语从句 主语从句在复合句中充当主语，一般置于句首。有时为了保持句子结构的平衡，也可以用it作形式主语，代替主语从句。 Whether she would play the part is still doubtful. It is still doubtful whether she would p

15、lay the part. 她是否要扮演这个角色值得怀疑。,88. _(大多数父母所关心的) is providing the best education possible for their children.,what most parents are concerned about/ care about,宾语从句,I remember that I have seen her somewhere before. 我记得过去在哪里见过她 .,表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词后，充当复合句中的表语，一般为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain

16、, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。 It seems that it is going to snow.看起来天要下雪了。 This is how Jane lives.珍妮就是这样生活的。,同位语从句 1.同位语从句起进一步解释说明先行词的作用，通常由that引导。同位语从句的先行词通常是一些抽象名词，如：,The news that the Chinese football team has beaten Japanese football team is very inspiring. 中国足球队击败日本队的消息令人心情激昂。 I have no idea what has

17、 happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事.,定语从句 定语从句是在句子中起形容词作用的主谓结构，通常形容它前面的名词或代词，即它的先行词；定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的。,关系代词引导的定语从句 1. 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, which, that He is a man who means what he says.（作主语） 他是一个说话算数的人。 Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter?（作定语） 你们系里有谁的父亲是画家吗？ The movie

18、 (that /which) we saw last night was very interesting.（作宾语） 我们昨晚看到的电影很有趣。,关系副词引导的定语从句 1.能够引导定语从句的关系副词有： when：表示时间，用来修饰表示时间的名词，如day, year, the time等； where：表示地点，用来修饰表示地点的名词，如place, area, house等； why：表示原因，用来修饰表示原因的名词，如reason； how：表示方法，用来修饰表示方法的名词，如way等。,Gone are the days when Shanghai was a paradise f

19、or the imperialist adventurers. 上海是帝国主义冒险家的乐园的日子已一去不复返了。 The reason why Tom didnt turn up was not made clear. 汤姆没有露面的原因不大清楚。,2.关系副词when, where, why在从句中作状语时，可用“介词 + which”替换 The river was very rough the day when (=on which) we crossed the river. 我们过河那天，河水非常汹涌。 The reason why (=for which) the temperat

20、ure is so high hasnt been known yet. 温度为什么这样高的原因还没弄清楚。,状语从句 状语从句可以划分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、比较、方式、目的、结果几种，在句子中起状语作用。,六、状语从句状语从句分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, etc. 地点状语从句where, wherever 原因状语从句be

21、cause, since, as, for, now that, etc. 目的状语从句in order that, so that, in case, for fear, 结果状语从句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as, on condition that, as long as, 让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as, no matter 比较状语从句asas, soas, than, et

22、c. 方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc,一、强调句: It is/was +被强调部分+that/who, 需要注意以下几点： 强调句型中的系动词除is和was之外，没有其他形式的变化; 被强调部分如果是人，可以用who, 也可以用that,其他情况用that 在notuntil句型里，如果强调由until所引导的时间状语时，not须跟在until之前，即构成It is not untilthat结构。 考题： _(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.,It was not until the deadline that he sent

23、 (out),非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）是在句中不能充当谓语的动词。没有人称和数的变化。有三种形式：,不定式,动名词,分词,非谓语动词,动词不定式,可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。,1、作主语,To master a foreign language is very important.,2、作宾语,I hope to hear from you soon.,3、作表语,Her wish is to become a doctor in the future.,4、作定语， 放在被修饰词的后面。,Do you have anything to say?,5. 作状语。,

24、She woke up to find herself in bed.,动名词的句法作用,动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。,1作主语,Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.,3.作定语,We can improve our teaching method.,4.作宾语,2.作表语,Your main task is learning.,(1)在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有： admit, advise, advocate, appreciate, avoid, consider, confess,

25、defer, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, grudge, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, quit, resist, risk, resume, stand, stop, suggest, understand 等。例如：,In her spare time she enjoys reading novels.,I c

26、ant finish doing this job today.,(2) 在后跟介词的短语动词后要求用动名词作宾语，常见 的这类动词有：approve of, be capable of, be objected to, be used to, be fond of, be accustomed to, be proud of, get through, go on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, look forward to, object to, see to, think of, put off 及cant help等。例如：,I a

27、m used to locking the door before I leave.,I am proud of being Chinese.,(3) 当 “have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名difficulty, trouble, problem,fun, a hard time等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如：,He has difficulty (in) speaking English?,(4)在介词后要求用动名词作宾语。例如：,He went away without telling me.,(5)在形容词busy, worth,

28、like等后面要求用动名词，可视为复合谓语的宾语。like多用于feel like这一词组中。例如：,There is nothing worth mentioning.,Do you feel like having another cup of tea?,分 词,分词是另一种非谓语动词，有现在分词与过去分词两种。现在分词有原形动词加构成；规则动词的过去分词有原形动词加构成，不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则，需分别记忆。,分词或分词短语具有形容词或副词的性质，因而在句中可作定语、表语，状语和补足语。 在分词前加上not则构成分词的否定式。,The woman teacher giving us

29、 oral lessons is from America.,Did you see the man talking (=who was talking ) to the headmaster?,the book written by Lu Xun,分词的句法作用,1.作定语,2.作状语,分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when, while, as, once, until, if ”等连接词。例如：,Walking along the street, we found a

30、 purse lying on the ground.,Being very tired, he fell asleep immediately.,Praised by the teacher of English, he has worked even harder at English than ever.,The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students.,3、作表语,现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征；过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，要特别注意区分下述常用现在分词与过去分词。如,amazing (令人惊异的) ama

31、zed （感到惊讶） exciting （令人激动） excited （感到激动） interesting （有趣的） interested （感兴趣） surprising （令人惊异的） surprised （感到惊异） boring （令人厌烦的） bored （感到厌烦） inspiring （令人鼓舞的） inspired （受鼓舞） moving （令人感动的） moved （受感动） discouraging （令人沮丧的） discouraged （感到沮丧）,More Exercise(语法) 虚拟语气 1. Why didnt you tell me you could l

32、end me the money? I _( 本来不必从银行借钱的) 2. By the time you get to New York, I _( 已经动身去) London。 3. Its time _ （采取措施） about the traffic problem downtown. 4. It is essential that _ (把程序输进计算机)。,neednt have borrowed it form the bank,shall have left for,something was done / some measures were taken,the progra

33、m be loaded into computer.,More Exercise(语法) 虚拟语气 5. He insisted that the seats _ (事先预定). 6. If we hadnt made adequate preparations, _ (会议是不会开得这么成功的). 7. _( 正是由于她太没有 经验) that she does not know how to deal with the situation. (强调句型) 8. The room is in a terrible mess; it_ ( 肯定没打扫过)。 (情态动词),be booked i

34、n advanced,the conference wouldnt have been so successful,It is because she is too inexperienced,cant have been cleaned,More Exercise(语法) 倒装 9. Under no circumstance _ (允许游客在草地上行走). 10. _(他们几乎连一片面包也 不浪费)they waste. 11.Four thousand dollars _(她付不起).主谓一致,can vistors be allowed to walk on the grass,Har

35、dly a slice of bread did,is more than she can afford,More Exercise(语法) 12. His salary is _.(是我的两倍) 倍数 13. _, (他虽有耐性) he was unwilling to wait three hours. 状语从句 14. Sound is a tool _(人们通过它互相 交流). 定语从句 15._(样样精通), is to know nothing. 不定式,two times/twice as much as mine,Patient as he was,by means of wh

36、ich people communicate with each other,To know everything,1. Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn. 2. In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了)3. The prevent and treatment of AIDS is _ (我们可以合作的领域).4. I am going to pursue this course, _(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)5. Some psychologists claim that people_(出门在外时可能会感到孤独),is measured by how much they can loan,I am more likely to get tired than before,a field where(in which) we can cooperate.,no matter what kind o