lecture5-Amplification2012.ppt

1、Lecture 5 Amplification in Translation,翻译中的增益/译,I.Definition of Amplification,supplying necessary words indispensable syntactically, semantically, rhetorically or idiomatically adding extra meaning (x) vs. explanation of the unspoken words Cf. the translation technique of omission as concise and for

2、cible as possible by cutting off all unnecessary words,II. Classification of Amplification,1. Lexical Amplification verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.,1. 1 增加动词,Preposition Verbs 1)Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and mis

3、ery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper) V1: 啊，汤姆康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！ V2: 汤姆康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！,2)She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast. A:

4、 她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。 B: 她觉得好像手里捧着花，唇边吻着花，自己也像花儿一样地开放了。 3)Our praises are our wages. 对我们的称赞就是给予我们的报酬。 4)In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,1. 2增加名词,A. 在抽象名词后面增加表

5、示范畴的名词 1) The administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 当局公开呼吁要缓解与中国的紧张局势。 2) He saw my embarrassment in the little teashop the other day. 那天，他看到了我在小茶馆的窘态。 3) In our pioneering days this aggressiveness was essential to survival. 在我们的拓荒时代，这种积极进取的精神是生存的根本。,4) He was still relucta

6、nt to talk substance. 他仍然不愿意谈实质性的内容。 5)In macro-economics we study not individual influences but aggregate ones. 在宏观经济学中，我们研究的不是个别影响因素，而是总体影响因素。,In-class practice,1)Thats the basic problem, and there is a basic answer. Firmness and clarity. 这是个基本问题，也有个基本的回答。那就是立场坚定，态度鲜明。 2)Speed and reliability are

7、the chief advantages of the electronic computers.速度快，可靠性强是电子计算机的主要优点。 3) He owed his popularity to his simplicity. 他之所以人缘好,完全归功于他为人坦率诚恳。 4) He finally fled into the cold sharp clarity of the night. 最后他躲进了清冷的夜色，头脑立刻清醒下来。,B. 增加名词，使译文更精确，避免含混，符合汉语习惯。,1)Ouch! Isnt that a little steep for a room this siz

8、e? 哎呀，出那么大价钱租这么小的房子岂不是贵了点吗？ 2)In this way she brings the ends of her life together with a terrifying rush: she is a girl, a wife, a mother, widow, all at once. 就这样, 她急速地把自己一生中七零八碎的事儿像竹筒倒豆子一样全兜了底:她作姑娘时的事, 作妻子时的事, 作母亲时的事, 守寡时的事,通通搅和在一起。,3)There was no joke on his face. 他的脸上一点也看不出开玩笑的意思. 4) The country

9、 avoided a civil war, but only just. 全国避免了一场内战，但仅仅是险而又险地避过了。,C. 在不及物动词后面增加名词,1) Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia. 玛丽的丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，她就靠洗衣服维持生活了。 2) Day after day he came to his work- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活-扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。 3) Steel and iron products are often

10、 coated lest they should rust. 钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 。 4) He had to bend to pick up the stick. 他不得不弯下腰去捡棍子。,1. 3增加表达复数的词,1) The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again. 法官对他再三提出警告，不得重新作案，然后就将他放了。 2) Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency 失踪事件接二连三地发生，而且看起来越来越频繁。 3)

11、Personal tragedy haunted his entire life，in the deaths of loved ones 亲人相继去世，使他一生充满了个人悲剧。,2. Syntactical Amplification,Amplification by supplying words omitted in the SL text. Omission is very frequently used in English for rhetorical purposes or for syntactical purposes.,2. 1. 增补原文中省略的动词,这里所说的原文中省略的

12、动词，指的是在并列关系的复句中由于前后两句的结构相同且使用相同的谓语动词，为了避免重复而在后句中省略的动词。在翻译成汉语的时候，出于句法上的需要，有时还需要将动词补出。另外，在某些英语句子当中由于一个谓语动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文总往往要重复这个动词。当这个动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。,1)Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。（钱歌川译） 2)S

13、tudies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon) 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。 3) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。,23. 增补表示逻辑关系的词语,有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如转折、假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词。,1) In a dispu

14、te between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 两国相争，若与之都友好，则力避卷入。 2)At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. 肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸。,3) 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。 Honest advice sounds unp

15、leasant, just as good medicine tastes bitter. 4) 并不是我不同情你，在公司老板说什么就是什么。 It is not that I feel no sympathy for you, but here in this company what the boss says goes.,5) 这秋蝉的嘶叫，在北平可和蟋蟀耗子一样，简直像是家家户户都养在家里的家虫。（故都的秋） Because of their ubiquitous shrill noise, these insects in Peiping seem to be living off

16、every household like crickets or mice.,6）我专注地看那粒粒逝去的沙，沉重而无奈。（“玩沙的孩子”） A heavy sense of helplessness gets hold of me when I watch with rapt attention the grains of sand slipping away through my fingers. * 语义的语境缺省性增译,More practice,1) Using the card abroad, where items frequently take a long time to be

17、 included on your account, can extend this period even longer. 在国外使用信用卡，由于账款常常需要很长时间才能入账，所以无息赊账期会更长。 2) The arms drive, which brings huge profits to the monopolists, weighs heavily on the working people and seriously worsens the economy of the country. 军备竞赛一方面给垄断资本家带来巨额利润，一方面却把沉重的负担加在劳动人民头上，使国家的经济状况

18、恶化。,3 .Cultural Amplification,3. 1 增加比喻的喻意 (在引申技法中将着重讲解) 32 增加背景信息 1) Sinkings of Allied and neutral merchant and fishing vessels averaged 570,000 tons per month in February and March. 月份和月份被击沉的盟国及中立国的商船和渔船平均每月为万吨。 2) In April，there was the“ping”heard around the worldIn July，the ping “ponged. 四月里，全世

19、界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去，到了七月，美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。 3) The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。,4) 过了几天，父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚来吃饭。（“万字”） A few days later the father wanted to invite to dinner a relative named Wan, a Chinese character with a dozen (now 3) of strokes which happens to mean ten thousand.

20、* 语言文字文化意义的增译,4. Rhetorical Amplification,41. 增加语气助词 1)Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke. 不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。 2)Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他们的主人家，（又是）切肉啊，（又是）倒茶啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，欢声笑语，互祝健康。,增译思考：解开翻译的“包袱”,1. Essex held the edge of the desk wit

21、h strong white knuckles. 2. We bombed the Axis Europe. 3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 4. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss. 5.（The gentleness of the English civilization is perhaps its most characteristic ）In no country inhabited by white men is it easier to sh

22、ow people off the pavement.,1. Essex held the edge of the desk with strong white knuckles. Essex held the desk with great strength. The strength was great. The great strength made his knuckles grew swelling. And they looked strong. swelling knuckles were pressed. Consequently, the blood was extruded

23、 from the knuckles. So they looked white and strong as well. Essex held the edge of the desk with strong white knuckles. 译文：埃塞克斯用力抬起桌沿，指关节涨得粗大而泛白。,2. We bombed the Axis Europe. *？我们轰炸了轴心国的欧洲。 轴心国（Axis），指在第二次世界大战中结成的法西斯国家联盟，领导者是纳粹德国、意大利和日本及与他们合作的一些国家和占领国。 The Axis had occupied some areas in Europe Th

24、e Axis had some occupations in Europe. the Axis occupations in Europe the Axis Europe,2. We (S) bombed (V) the Axis (S+V) Europe 蕴含两个语义结构，相当于一个复合型语句：We bombed some areas in Europe / that were occupied by the Axis. 将原文的缺省语义信息明示出来： 译文：我们轰炸了轴心国在欧洲的占领区。 经验总结：对抽象语言形式理解与表达的基本规律在于：在分析语言形式基础上，应通过认知思维将句子所包含的各个核心意义综合起来，明确相互之间的内在逻辑关系，最后根据汉语表达规范的需要，增补或明示相应的缺省成分。,3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 总统目前