科普英语竞赛_翻译辅导

1、 科普英语竞赛翻译中的若干问题1 注意科技文体风格，使用科技英语语言科技文体的特点是结构缜密、概念准确、行文流畅、逻辑性强，词语的专业性强而修饰性较弱。在词汇方面，科技英语大量使用名词化结构和动词的非限定式，即分词、动名词和动词不定式；词汇的组成可分三类：一是被赋予新义的常用词，二是从拉丁语、希腊语等外来语中借用的词汇，三是新造词。在语法方面，科技英语多用现在时（尤其是一般现在时）、被动语态、非人称主语及定语从句。科技文体是比较正式庄重的文体。译文能否体现科技文体的特色，关键是译文中的词汇、语法、句法结构等是否与原文中的诸因素契合一致。1） 辨析文体色彩词汇是文章最基本表现材料，文章的总体风貌

2、必然反映在词汇上。翻译中的选词是否准确直接关系到译文能否体现原文的总体风貌。The agenda of ongoing work in the social and behavioral sciences has been revealed here in only the most fragmentary way. But I hope these fragments will provide some glimpse into the excitement and significance of the whole.关于在社会和行为科学中我们目前正在搞的工作的进程，在这儿只是以很不搭界的方

3、式摆出来的；可是我希望这些拉拉杂杂的东西倒能使读者见识一下我们整个的研究工作是多么有趣又是多么有意义。这里展示的并非社会科学和行为科学的总体现状，只不过是让读者见其一斑。然而，笔者希望这零散材料能引起人们的兴趣，使之对全部工作的重要意义有个概略的了解。2） 理清学科归属英语词汇的突出特点表现为一词多义。一个常用词的词义可以依据其所处的不同上下文辐射到各个不同的学科，形成一个语意辐射圈。随着社会的进步、科学的发展，越来越多的词被赋予新义，其语义辐射范围也随之扩大。译者首先应明确原文所涉及的学科范畴：是数学、物理学、化学还是医学They made their base at Cape Evans

4、and planned the journey to the Pole in three stages.他们在埃文斯海角建立了大本营，并计划分三个阶段来完成到南极的全部旅程。Some reactions such as those between soluble acids and bases occur very rapidly.有些反应，像酸碱溶液之间的反应进行得很快。Convert the following denary numbers base 8.把下列各十进制换算成以8为基值的数。Large missiles are typically without a rail launch

5、ing system, and whether tied down or simply standing on their base are subject to wind effects.大型导弹一般是没有导轨发射系统的，不论是系装还是竖立在发射场上，都受风的影响。3） 准确引申词义即是依据词的本义进行必要的延伸拓展，使之与上下文在意义上相符，在风格上一致。A.首先是延续拓展原文词义:Of the thousands of lines in the suns spectrum, most can be definitely identified with those of elements

6、known on the earth.太阳光谱中的几千条谱线，绝大多数能够确切地与地球上的已知的元素谱线相吻合。One of the beauties of the medicine is the absence of aftereffects.这种药品的优点之一是没有副作用。It was only in the last few years that advances were made for the work of identification of pain-sensitive cells in the caudal part of SNT.只是最近几年来，在尾端寻找痛敏细胞的工作方面

7、有了突破。B其次将抽象的词义具体化:All the wit and learning in this field are to be present at the symposium.这一领域的全部学者都将出席这次专题讨论研讨会。By experimentation, imagination, and reasoning, mathematics are discovering new facts and ideas that science and engineering are using to change our civilization.通过实验、想象和推理，数学家们正在寻求新论据新

8、观念，从而使科学家和工程师们用之以促进人类文明的发展。C最后将具体词义抽象化:There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.过去，对移民的限制极为严格，不允许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from mens muscles an

9、d enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from the human brain and thereby expanding the minds capacities in ways that man has begun to grasp.正如工业革命取消了大量的体力劳动并极大发展了生产力一样，微型电子计算机迅速地承担起大量繁重的脑力劳动，从而以人们现在才开始领会的各种方式扩大了人脑的功能。2 翻译的步骤1） 紧缩主干In that

10、 same village and in one of these very house (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple good natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle.2） 辨析词义A形态语义关系QuarterfinalElectron

11、umeroscopicB语法层次关系timelessnessthe nursing profession his nursing motherC词语联立关系science of defence for ladiesthe London SchoolA young lady who thinks is like a young man who rougesD语言文化关系Some would say that today it is very difficult to find such a man in this community, as difficult as to find a land

12、mark Baptist./E情态色彩关系F指涉呼应关系G思维逻辑关系I love fools experiments; I am always making them.Every couple is not a pairH专业领域关系3） 分析句型英语句法分析比较障目的是：一、后置成分很多，常与汉语表达法适得其反；二、插入成分很多，使以汉语为母语的人难免思维阻断；三、一词多义、多词一义现象比较突出。A PhD does not make a doctor nor the judicial gown the judge.He was convinced against his will but

13、 is of the same opinion still.4） 理清脉络指思维的表达层次，也是思维发展的形式，一般表现为句子与句子或主句与分句的组合关系。还应包括对原语重心的探究5） 调整搭配广义的搭配至整个句子的主谓（宾）以及其他句子成分的搭配形式，狭义的搭配制止此一次的搭配形式。还涉及到语言的约定性，即所谓约定俗成，有自己的习惯表达法。6） 润饰词语润饰词语的一个重要手段是统观全局，包括词、词组、句、语段与语篇。3 翻译的方法1） 常规手段(对应)Sophistic reasoningBe marveled at his sophistic wording2） 变通手段A分切Today

14、/pilots flying the new Boeing 767 and 757 aircraft /navigate with the aid of new laser gyroscopes. Supermarket clerks /use lasers to ring up process /at the check-out/ by “reading” universal bar-codes /printed on packages and canned goods.今天，驾驶新型波音767和757客机的驾驶员，借助新的激光舵转仪进行操作；而超级市场的售货员，则利用激光，“阅读”通用价格

15、条码，在结帐台上计价，因为价码已印在货品包装盒罐头制品上了。B转换词性转换：汉英互译中最常见的是名词与动词、介词与动词之间的转换。汉语中动词占优势，英语中名词与介词占优势。Ignorance of the law excuses no man from practising it.任何人也不能以不知法为借口，不受法律制裁。肯定与否定转换：正说与反说的转换。无人售书处 / self-service bookstand句式的转换：复合句与简单句的各种形式的转化。You say 5000 dollars for this bubble car? Its daylight robbery!这么一辆破车

16、5000美元？这不是光天化日之下拦路抢劫吗？语态转换：汉语中的被动句处于显著的弱势。A Chinese rule is that the inferior is introduced to the superior.中国的规矩是向上级介绍下级。时态转换：汉语以时态助词（着、了、过）以及时间副词或添加词语来表示时态，总之是以词汇手段表示时体范畴。语气转换：汉语中的语气可以词语形式加以表达。通常伴随时态转换。C转移否定部位转移 主语转移重心转移D注释E替代Nobody is as sophisticated as a boy of nineteen who is just recovering f

17、rom a baby grand passion.没有比十九岁的少男更娇揉做作的了，他刚刚脱掉黄毛稚气就自命为七尺男儿。(老于世故的，大幼儿情结)You have gives yourself the trouble to be born.你这是杞人忧天。Im afraid you have the advantage of me.很抱歉，我真想不起您是哪一位了。F拆离：就是将原句中的“障碍点”（特定搭配，大都是副词或形容词）拆离原句后的词语联立关系，另行处理，一般是放在全句之首或全句之尾。Powerful words can drive men to madness. They may in

18、spire them, schizophrenically, to acts of self-sacrifice.激昂慷慨的辞令可以使人听了发狂；也可以使人行动起来，连命都不要，就象得了精神分裂症。Every British motorist will tell you that radar is used most unfairly by the police to catch drivers who are accidentally going a little faster than the speed limit.每一个驾驶汽车的英国人都会告诉你，警察用雷达来抓那些只是偶尔稍微超速行驶

19、的驾车人，这种做法很不公平。G音译基因 / gene逻辑 / logic4 历届试题分析1. The champions of hearing, by any standard, are the bats. Bat sounds long went undetected by man because they are pitched two to three octaves (八度音阶) above what we can hear. But to a number of bats flying around on a calm, still summer eveningand to the

20、unfortunate moths (蛾) that can hear them and must try to avoid themthe evening is anything but calm. It is a madhouse of constant screaming. Each bat sends out a series of screams in short pulses, each lasting less than a hundredth of a second.不管用哪一种标准来衡量，听力的冠军都是蝙蝠。蝙蝠发出的声音在长时间内不为人类所觉察到，因为它们发出的声音要比我们

21、所能听见的高2到3个八度。但是对于在安宁而又寂静的夏天的傍晚到处飞翔的许多蝙蝠 以及对于那些能听见它们声音而必须设法避开它们的不幸的蛾来说，这个夜晚一点儿也不宁静。那简直是一个不断在发出尖叫声的疯人院。每一只蝙蝠发出一连串短脉冲的尖叫声，每一声的持续时间还不到百分之一秒。2. If ignorance about the nature of pain is widespread，ignorance about the way pain-killing drugs work is even more so. What is not generally understood is that man

22、y of the boasted pain-killing drugs conceal the pain without correcting the underlying condition. The abuse of pain killing drugs will deaden the mechanism in the body that alerts the brain to the fact that something may be wrong. The body can pay a high price for suppression of pain without regard

23、to its basic cause. 如果说人们对疼痛的本质普遍不甚了解，那么他们对止痛药是如何起作用的就更是一无所知了。人们所知甚少的是许多这种被吹嘘为止痛药的药物在止痛时并没有消除产生疼痛的根源。滥用止痛药会使人体中向脑子警告有什么地方可能出了毛病的机制变麻木。光是镇痛而不考虑疼痛的根本原因，会使人体付出高昂的代价。3. Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the oceans water mass as consisting of large slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream. That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation. But in the 1950s and the 1960s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment including sub-surface floats that