AmericanEducation1.ppt

1、Education in the United States (I),Miao Yu Fall 2010,American Education,Three models of basic education in the United States Main issues in American basic education The School system Elementary or Primary Education Secondary Education Higher Education Contemporary educational issues,Education in the

2、 Colonial Days,European settlers who came to the 13 American colonies adopted three distinct systems of formal education for their children. Universal Education (New England) New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire,

3、 Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Vocational Education (Middle Atlantic states) Tutorial system (Southern states),New England,Universal Education,The early settlers in New England were Puritans, who believed that individual should read the Bible, rather than relying on a clergy

4、man to interpret the Book. there was an emphasis on literacy so that people could read the Bible First public schoolBoston Latin School (1935) First higher education institutionHarvard University (1638) The New England Model of Education Community-supported (provide tax money, elect school board, de

5、cide how to spend the money ) Universal Education/literacy (firstly boys, then girls),Vocational Education,Vocational education developed in the Middle Atlantic colonies where the need for “vocational education” was recognized in order to prepare children for adulthood by teaching them practical ski

6、lls. Even today, vocational training continues to be one of the choices American high school students may select.,Tutorial System,The tutorial system was originally designed to educate wealthy children in the southern plantations. Today, the southern tutorial system has been modified and renamed “ho

7、me schooling”. About 1/3 to half million American children are tutored at home by their parents. Are required to teach a curriculum developed by their local school district A school administrator periodically tests the home-schooled children to ensure that they have learned the prescribed curriculum

8、.,Reasons for home-schooling Religious Racial Academic: better academic test results, objection to what is taught in the local schools. Social : drug, school violence (bullying, sexual harassment), safety issues, etc. School expenses Homeschooling and college admissions Parents choose to use standar

9、dized test scores to aid colleges in evaluating students. A growing number of homeschooled students are choosing dual enrollment, earning college credit by taking community college classes while in high school. Others choose to earn college credits through standardized tests such as the College Leve

10、l Examination Program (CLEP),1999NCES,2009 NCES,In 2007, the number of homeschooled students was about 1.5 million, an increase from 850,000 in 1999 and 1.1 million in 2003. More White students were homeschooled than Black or Hispanic students or students from other racial/ethnic groups, and White s

11、tudents constituted the majority of homeschooled students (77 percent). In 2007, the most common reason parents gave as the most important was a desire to provide religious or moral instruction (36 percent of students). This reason was followed by a concern about the school environment (such as safe

12、ty, drugs, or negative peer pressure) (21 percent) (SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2009).),Main Issues in American Basic Education,Free and mandatory K-12 basic education Decentralization The states, and, to a lesser extent, local school districts (校

13、区), are responsible for the education of the children in their jurisdiction (管辖权). China: centralized educational authority (Ministry of Education) Historical origins: The New England model: local financial support and supervision The Constitution: Amendment X “The powers not delegated by the Consti

14、tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people”.,The federal government provides general guidelines and legislation for national education needs through the US department of Education. e.g.: Desegregation G. I. Bill (Government Issue Bill): offi

15、cially titled Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and sta

16、rt businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service. School prayer : the early American schools taught the moral values from the Bible, with school prayer . In 1948 the Supreme c

17、ourt used the Separation of Church and State argument to outlaw a time for school prayer.In 1962 the Supreme Court again declared that prayer in school was unconstitutional. In 1980 the Supreme Court declared that posting the Ten Commandments in a school classroom violated the Constitution of the Un

18、ited States,Funding American basic education is largely subsidized by state and local property taxes, and to a lesser extent by the federal government. The major inequities: wealthy districts have ample funding for excellent schools while rural and poor school districts have fewer funds for salaries

19、, textbooks, equipment, and school facilities.,Choice of School Public Private Homeschooling Charter School (契约学校/政府特许学校) Part of public school system (free education) Provide a curriculum specialized in a certain field Are not subject to some of the rules and regulations that apply to other public

20、schools. Some charter schools provide a curriculum that specializes in a certain field e.g., arts, mathematics, or vocational training.,The School System,Preschool Education Nursery schools Children 3-5 years old, half day session, 2-5 days a week Charge tuition Staffed by qualified teachers and oth

21、er professionals who encourage and supervise educational play rather than simply providing childcare Day care centers Infancy to 5, all day long, five days a week Children have lunch and snacks at the center Generally no guided educational activities,K-12 Education,Basic education is free and mandat

22、ory in the U.S. it includes kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) Elementary school Secondary school Different combinations in different states: Primary grades (K-3) Intermediate grades (4-6) + Junior high school (7-9), senior high school (10-12) Primary school (1-5) + Middle school (6-8) + high

23、 school (9-12) Primary school (1-8) + high school (9-14),Primary/Elementary School,Time: 8/8:30 am-3/3:30 pm Ride a school bus to the school Morning announcements and attendance Subject taught : In the morning: reading, arithmetic, language arts, social studies, science In the afternoon: music, art,

24、 physical education Extracurricular activities Students are grouped into classes, and each group stays together for the entire school year Generally, a class has the same teacher for most subjects, although art, music, and physical education are usually taught by teachers who specialize in these are

25、as.,High School,Subject matter becomes more specialized English: grammar and literature Social studies: American history, American government, European History Arithmetic: Algebra, geometry, and trigonometry Science: biology, chemistry, and physics Foreign language: Latin, French, Spanish, German, C

26、hinese. Etc. Vocational training classes Students meet with a different teacher and a different group of students for each subject.,High School Graduation,The most important ceremony occurs when students graduate from senior high school, a well defined line in American society which separates childh

27、ood and adulthood. A dance, or “prom” is held on the Saturday after final examinations. Girls buy special dance gowns, and boys rent tuxedos Graduation ceremony is held the following week after the prom. Cap, gown, tassel, diploma, etc.,Parents Involvement,Parent-Teacher Organization (PTO) or Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) Parents participate in PTO or PTA to help raise money for the school Parent-teacher