托福阅读的句型结构

1、托福阅读的句型结构 一起来看看托福阅读的句型结构，今天给大家带来了托福阅读的句型结构,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读的句型结构一、英语句子结构的原则1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)二、三大从句1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)结构 主语从句what+vo=n. for eg.?what+sv=n. what you said is right.形式宾语 make it possible for s

2、b.to do ?that/how/why/whether+svo=n.that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.it is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多).形式主语和强调句的区别形式主语 it + v + (that +svo)=n.n.=it强调句 it is/was + a + that + bsvo=a+b而且通常情况下 it is/was是强调句同位语从句同位语的实质 n1,n2n1=n2s,n,vo.=s,引+svo,vo前面的成分不应当在后

3、面充当成分。the fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion.同位语和定语从句的区别同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。the fact, that the sun is round.定语从句中，引导词充当成分。the book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。exampleit is generally accepted that the sin

4、gle super continent known as pangaea indeed existed, that pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, gondwanaland in the south and laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.人们普遍接受，pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式

5、存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的gondwanaland 和在北边的laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。.如何找出复杂句中的谓语?先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。2、形容词性从句=定语从句引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=s+vo=a.this is pig that/which is very fat.(1)that/which/who(whom)=o+sv=a.因为代词性的引导词可以充当

6、主语或宾语this is the pig that/which i ate.(作宾语可省略引)this is the pig from which i make fun.引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词this is the pig,which is very fastthis is the pig, (which)i ate.this is the pig, from which i make fun.(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+svo=a.the book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.this is the pl

7、ace where(=in which 定语从句) i grew up. when 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。.具体分析举例in his hypothesis that he developed based on it看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?in his hypothesis() he developed that based on it.因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.形容词性从句的省略当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。this is the pig that

8、/which i ate.this is the pig i ate.当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。the house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.the house, built in 1919,was destroyed.个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。as the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of t

9、he seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.系表倒装主系表结构 变成 表系主 结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时1、my hometown lies in jilin province.in jilin province lies my hometown.2、a,b,c.are among the species of seabirds.among the species of seabird are a,b,

10、c.3、副词性从句 =状语从句引导词 when/though/while/although结构 when+s+v+adj/v-ing/v-ed,svo.when he was young, jack was always beaten by his father.省略的条件 s=s v=be省略 when young, jack was always beaten by his father.省略 other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not dire

11、ctly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. for example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.托福阅读真题原题+题目plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic speci

12、es and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. these can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as

13、bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. the external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. other tr

14、ichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.if the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, gly

15、cosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. the success of the colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. other possible chemical defens

16、es, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. for example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. these enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.active plant defense m

17、echanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. the most dramati

18、c example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. in the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis that is, they become diseased and die after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one

19、 or a few cells around the entry site. several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. what does the passage mainly discuss?(a) the success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(b) theories on active plant defense mechanisms(c) how plant defen

20、se mechanisms function(d) how the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. the phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to(a) susceptible to(b) classified by(c) attractive to(d) strengthened by3. the word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a) pierce(b)

21、 pinch(c) surround(d) cover .4. the word which in line 12 refers to(a) tissues(b) substances(c) barriers(d) insects5. which of the following substances does the author mention as not necessarily being toxic tothe colorado beetle?(a) resins(b) tannins(c) glycosides(d) alkaloids6. why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?(a) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system