英文学摘要.ppt

1、Part one Old and Medieval English Literature,1. Old English Poetry and “Beowulf”(贝奥武浦) “Beowulf ” the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people Alliteration( 头韵） 2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury Tales The Romance( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) Geoffrey C

2、haucer乔叟 the “father of English poetry”, “The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucers masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims) he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. ),The Renaissance,Renaissance (1

3、4851660) The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism. Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ages of medieval The key word for it is humanism, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. Sh

4、akespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period,Utopia (socialism) The definition of Utopia is no place.,Thomas More (1478-1535),Edmund Spenser(1552-1599),A poets poet The Faerie Queene,Francis Bacon培根 (1561-1626),II.Bacons works “Advancement of Learning”学术的推进: “New In

5、strument” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning 3. “New Atlantics” : an ideal society 新大西岛 4. “Essays” / 58 essays论说文集 A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression his essays is an important landmark in the developme

6、nt of English prose,Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593),1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English drama 2. blank verse Verse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter. 无韵诗，素体诗 3. Doctor Faustus,William Shakespeare,the greatest English poet and dramatist 154 sonnets, 37 plays, in

7、cluding 14 comedies, 12 tragedies, and 11 historical plays, 2 long poems. But for such a great writer, we have very little definite knowledge about his life.,Shakespeares Tragedies,(1) Hamlet (2) Othello (3) King Lear (4) Macbeth, to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Po

8、rtia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock) hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflic

9、t of the characters,poetry,1. Narrative poetry the epic the romance popular ballads 2.Lyric poetry the elegy: a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual. the ode: a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing. It is serious in subject and formal in style. 3.Dramatic

10、 poetry : dialogue in the drama,Sonnet,A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg 3 quatrains(3 four-line stanza )+ 1 couplet(2 lines),The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution, Historical background : two revolutions: puritan revolut

11、ion and glorious revolution the transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy 1. two literary schools of poets the school of Metaphysical the school of Cavaliers. 2. the most important poet:John Milton,Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌) It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth

12、-century poets who wrote in a similar style. dislike traditional poem Scholar, Highly abstract or theoretical;,John Milton约翰弥尔顿,(1) the last great poems Paradise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园 Samson Agonistes力士参孙 . The two most essential things: Puritanism and his republicanism. the only generally ac

13、knowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. the main idea of the poem is a revolt against Gods authority Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.,John Bunyan (1628-1688)班扬,Puritan author His best known work, The Pilgrims Progress天路历程

14、 a religious allegory,18世纪英国文学Cultural Background,1. Enlightenment Movement 启蒙运动 A progressive intellectual movement Enlighteners considered “Enlightenment” or “education” of the people to be their chief objective. They believed in the power of reason (the age of reason ) two groups: the moderate (P

15、ope, Defoe, Addison)（温和派） support the principles of the existing social order) the radical (Swift, Fielding, Sheridan)（激进派） crisis Sentimentalism（感伤主义）,18世纪英国文学,Complex: An age of prose( Addisons essay Swifts satire Fieldings novel) 1. Neo-classicism新古典 A revival interest in old classic works, order

16、,logic (PopeAddisonSteel: model themselves after Greek and Latin authors) 2.Sentimentalism (Gray Goldsmith Richardson Sterne: discontent with the social reality “Heart”) 3.The beginning of modern novel Major novelists :Defoe SwiftFielding Richardson, 4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry 5.English Dra

17、ma ( Sheridan: the school for Scandal),Neo-classicism新古典,A revival interest in old classic works, order,logic (model themselves after Greek and Latin authors) 1.Alexander Pope蒲伯:Heroic couplet英雄双韵体 2.Joseph Addison艾迪生 and Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔 :The Spectator旁观者 3.Samuel Johnson : Dictionary,Alexande

18、r Pope蒲柏,Neo-classicism新古典 Heroic couplet英雄双韵体 Lines of iambic pentameter rhyme in pairs Pope carried this to its last stage of perfection An Essay on Criticism,Sentimentalism,discontent with the social reality Thomas Gray格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel),II. Thomas Gray (1716 -1771),Sentimentalism

19、The graveyard school墓园派,The beginning of modern novel,Smollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne斯泰恩 : Sentimentalism Samuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded 帕美拉 Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue Triumphant 克拉丽莎 1.Daniel Defoe迪福 : Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Robinson is the very prototype of

20、 the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. 2.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特 ： a master satirist Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记 3.Henry Fielding： Father of English novel、The founder of English realistic novel Tom Jones汤姆琼斯,Romanticism in Britain,The New Literary Trend (1798-1832) 1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1)

21、A revolt against it (2) An escape from it 2. An introspection into ones inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life) 3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature 4. A period of poetical revival,(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shell

22、ey , Keats) (2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels. Walter Scott Scotts historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common peoples life. Scott marked the tran

23、sition from romanticism to the period realism.,William Blake布莱克,Symbolism,1.The earliest poems: Poetical sketches素描诗集 2.Songs of Innocence天真之歌 3.Songs of experience经验之歌 4.famous poem: The tigerLondonThe Chimney Sweeper,. Robert Burns (1759-1796),II. Burns Poems 1. Written in the Scottish dialect on

24、a variety of subjects Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 2. Songs of love and friendship- a new spirit of romanticism “A Red, Red Rose”一朵红红的玫瑰 3The rural theme / Beauties of nature “My Hearts in the Highlands”我的心呀在高原,Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治,Poetic and critic “The Rime of the

25、 Ancient Mariner”1798古舟子咏 “Kubla Khan” 1816忽必烈汗 Wordsworth and Coleridges s抒情歌谣集,William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯,Wordsworths poems 1.“Lucy”-harmony between humanity and nature 露西组诗(She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways） 2. “The Solitary Reaper”- pathetic pictures of the labouring people孤寂的刈麦人 3. “I wondered l

26、onely as a cloud”- deep love for nature,George Gordon,“Childe Harolds Pilgrimage” 1812恰罗德哈罗德游记 “Don Juan” 1812-1823 masterpiece唐璜 a great comic epic of the early 19th century. The “ Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin 名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece,Percy Bys

27、she Shelly雪莱 (1792-1822),1. “Queen Mab”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas. 2. “Prometheus Unbound”:解放了的普罗米修斯 His masterpiece; a lyrical drama. 3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark ”西风/云雀颂 “If Winter comes, can Spring be far be

28、hind?”,John Keats(1795-1821),Not noble Died of TB Died at 25,John Keatss Odes,.,Ode on Melancholy,It reveals the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.,Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂,It reveals the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world o

29、f agony,Ode to Autumn秋颂,Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂,Ode to Psyche,The Development of Victorian Literature, Victorian Literature, as a product of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great cha

30、nges that were going on in peoples life and thought. the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people,The Genres of Victorian Literature,1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressi

31、ve thought. Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte Elizabeth Gaskell George Eliot,Robert Browning勃朗宁 (1812-1889),the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue戏剧独白,The Brownings,Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret( an invalid, a p

32、oet, six years elder) famous romance secretely wedded, eloped to Italy in 1846 Sonnets From the Portuguese (love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗 Robert The ring and book (poetic drama) My last Duchess (dramatic monologue) A poem in which a single character, addressing a silent listener, explains his ac

33、tions at an important moment or crisis in his life Home Thoughts From Abroad,Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892),Poet Laureate A real artist invents dramatic monologue,Jane Austen简奥斯丁1775-1817,1. Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 2. Sense and Sensibility理智与情感 3. Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 4. Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园 5. Emma爱玛

34、 6. Persuasion 劝导,Austens writing style,1. The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people. 2. Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society, the small world she lived in 3. Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of young people 4. Quiet irony and an

35、alysis of character,Charles Dickens (1812-1870),one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age famous for his forceful social criticism urban poor (Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people ) Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of

36、his works A mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤,Charles Dickens,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist奥利弗退斯特 American Notes美国札记 The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店 Dombey and Son董贝父子 David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔 Hard Times艰难时世 A Tale of Two Cities双城记 Great Expectation远大前程,Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷

37、,Representative of critical realism different from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism Showing peoples vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social status,萨克雷的主要作品,The book of Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 Vanity Fair (1847-48)名利场 Pendennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德

38、 纽卡姆一家 The Newcomes (1853) 弗吉尼亚人 The Virginians (1857),Vanity Fair名利场,Vanity Fair is Thackerays masterpiece. The term vanity fair originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrims Progress, by John Bunyan. The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero” (the characters are all flawed to a great

39、er or lesser degree ) The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).,George Eliot (1819-1880),Mary Ann Cross,insightful psychological novels（心理小说 ）,Writing about life in small rural towns,乔治艾略特主要作品,亚当比德 Adam Bede (1859) 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 The Mill on th

40、e Floss (1860) 织工马南 Silas Marner (1861) 米德尔玛契Middlemarch (1871-1872) -a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece. As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women,The Bronte Sisters,Charlotte Bronte (

41、1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley Professor,Anne Bronte安妮勃郎特 Agnes Grey艾格尼斯格雷,Emily Bronte爱米丽 勃郎特1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 （Heathcliff）,简爱 Jane Eyre (1847),Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester The center theme: women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society） The problem of the bourg

42、eois system of education; The problem of orphan;,Thomas Hardy,Works Under the Greenwood Tree(1872)绿茵下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)远离尘嚣 The Return of the Native(1878)还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德,His principal works are t

43、he Wessex novels, i.e. novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside. He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers威塞克斯小说 . His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which bri

44、ngs misfortune to human life.,English literature at the turn of the century,The turn of the century Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950),Oscar Wilde (1854-1900),Irish poet and dramatist The literary school of decadence apostle of Aestheticism “art for arts sake”.,

45、( his only novel) The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)道林格雷的画像 剧作his comic masterpieces The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)埃耐斯特的重要性 . Lady Windermeres Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子 An ideal Husband理想丈夫 童话 The Happy Prince. (his fairy tales especially )快乐王子,John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥,The first trilogy “The Fo

46、rsyte Saga”福尔塞世家 : The Man of Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthys art. It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the 20th century English novel.） In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下 To let (1921)出租; The second trilogy, “A Modern Comedy”:

47、现代喜剧 The White Monkey(1924)白猿 The Silver Spoon (1926)银匙 Swan Song (1928)天鹅曲,Bernard Shaw,Shaw was an essay-writer， language scholar and critic， but is best-remembered as a playwright. problem plays.,Bernard Shaw,Widowers Houses鳏夫的房产 Mrs. Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业 The Devils Disciple魔鬼的门徒 Man and Sup

48、erman人与超人 Major Barbara巴巴拉少校 Heartbroken House伤心之家 The Apple Cart; 苹果车,A Brief Introduction to Modern English Literature,The effects of the First World War: A new age in English literature James Joyce Virginia Woolf D.H. Lawrence W.Somerset Maugham Joseph Conrad T.S. Eliot The effects of the Second

49、World War on English literature William Gloding Doris Lessing Ted Hughes,Traditional writer,Some writers show continuity with the Victorian tradition of the novel George Bernard Shaw （1856-1950）， H.G. Wells （1866-1946）， E.M. Forster （1879-1970）,H.G. Wells （1866-1946）威尔斯,Wells is celebrated as a popu

50、larizer of science， but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes， 科幻小说： The Time Machine时间机器,E.M. Forster福斯特 （1879-1970）,A Passage to India印度之行 Howards End 霍华德庄园 The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程 The Room With A View可以远眺的房间 Where Angels Fear to Tread 天使们忘而却步的地方,William Somerset Maugham(187

51、4-1965)毛姆,Works 1915Of Human Bandage人性枷锁 1919The Moon and Sixpence月亮与六便士 1930Cakes and Ale寻欢作乐 1944The Razors Edge刀锋 1951short stories,Arnold Bennett， 1867-1931,Naturalism Old Wives Tale 老妇谭,Joseph Conrad康拉德 (1857-1924),by birth a Pole His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme. Conr

52、ads narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality.,His works,Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷 An Outcast of progress文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘 The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Agent间谍 “The Nigger of the Narcissus” (1899) i

53、s a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水仙号上的黑鬼,While these writers show continuity with the Victorian tradition of the novel， more radically modern writing is found in the novels of James Joyce （1882-1941）， of Virginia Woolf （1882-1941）， and of D.H. Lawrence （1885-1930）. Where Joyc

54、e and Woolf challenge traditional narrative methods of viewpoint and structure， Lawrence is concerned to explore human relationships more profoundly than his predecessors The principal writers of the 1920s turned inward to study the human mind and the individuals response to modern life.,Modernism,(

55、1)A reaction against realism (2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.,(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and him

56、self.,(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.,James Joyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯,Irish novelist Second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language definitely established “ strea