八年级上英语语法总结

1、八年级上英语语法总结张 贵一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级)4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅

2、音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成.happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级)more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)most beaut

3、iful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good better bestmany more mostmuch more mostbad worse worstlittle less leastill worse worstfar farther(further) farthest(furthest)deep deeper deepesttall taller tallest形容词比较级的用法:形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下:主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+t

4、han+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。形容词最高级的用法:形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为:主语二、句子成分1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式3、表语4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。有些

5、及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。6、状语修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。三、句子类型：1、简单句的基本形

6、式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。2、复合句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。3、两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。四、简单句的五种基本句型基本句型一： S V (主+谓)基本句型二： S V P (主+谓+表)基本句型三： S V O (主+谓+宾)基本句型四： S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五： S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)五、宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为

7、三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。六、时态：一. 一般现在时: (1)表示现在的状态, 例如:Hes twelve. (2)表示经常性的或习惯性的动作,例如:I go to school every day.

8、 (3)表示主语具备的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.常与often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示经常性的或习惯性的时间状语连用.1. 肯定句结构:(1) 行为动词:a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+动词原形. 例如:They go to school every day.b.第三人称单数: He/She/It+动词-s/es 例如:Lily often likes singing.(2)系动词(be): I am. They/We/You are He/She/It is2.否定句结构:(1) 行

9、为动词:a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: They/We/You+dont+动词原形. 例如:They dont go to school every day.b.第三人称单数:He/She/It+doesnt +动词原形 例如:Lily doesnt like singing.(2)系动词(be): 在is/am/are后加not 例如:I am not a worker.3. 一般疑问句结构:a. 第一、二人称,复数人称: Do+they/we/you+动词原形.例如:Do they go to school every day? (Yes, they do. No, they dont.)

10、b.第三人称单数: Does +he/she/iIt+动词原形例如: Does Lily often like singing? (Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.)(2)系动词(be):把is/am/are提在主语前.例如:Are you a worker? (Yes, I am. No, Im not.)二.现在进行时: 表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情.常与now, look, listen等表示现在状态的时间状语连用.1.肯定句结构: 主语+is/am/are+动词-ing例如: The boys are playing football now.2.否定

11、句结构: 在is/am/are后加not例如: The boys arent playing football now.3. 一般疑问句结构: 把is/am/are提在主语前.例如: Are the boys playing football now? (Yes, they are. No, they arent.)三.一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常与yesterday, last, ago, in1990等表示过去状态的时间状语连用.1. 肯定句结构:(1) 行为动词: 主语+动词的过去式例如: The twins went to school two hours a

12、go.(2) 系动词(be): I/ He/She/It+was They/We/You+were例如: I was at home last night.2.否定句结构:(1) 行为动词: 主语+didnt+动词原形例如: The twins didnt go to school two hours ago.(2)系动词(be): 在was/were后加not例如: I wasnt at home last night.3. 一般疑问句结构:(1) 行为动词: Did+主语+动词原形?例如: Did the twins go to school two hours ago?(Yes, the

13、y did. No, they didnt.)(2)系动词(be): 把was/were提在主语前.例如: Were you at home last night? (Yes, I was. No, I wast.)四.一般将来时: 表示将来某时将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.常与tomorrow, next等表示将来状态的时间状语连用.1. 肯定句结构:(1)用于书面语: 主语+will+动词例如: We will come to see you tomorrow(2)用于口语: 主语+am/is/are going to+动词例如: Tom is going t

14、o see his uncle next Sunday.2.否定句结构:(1)用于书面语: 在will后加not例如: We wont come to see you tomorrow. (will not=wont)(2)用于口语: 在is/am/are后加not.例如: Tom isn going to see his uncle next Sunday.3. 一般疑问句结构:(1)用于书面语: 把will提在主语前.例如: Will you come to see you tomorrow? (Yes, we will. No, we wont.)(2)用于口语: 把is/am/are提

15、在主语前.例如: Is Tom going to see his uncle next Sunday?(Yes, he is. No, he isnt.)五.情态动词: can(能，会)， may(可以，可能，也许)， must(必须，一定，应该)have to(必须，不得不)1. 肯定句结构: 主语+can/may/must+动词例如: I must go now.2.否定句结构: 在can/may/must后加not. 例如: I mustnt go now.3. 一般疑问句结构: 把can/may/must提在主语前.Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No,

16、I neednt.)May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you neednt.)六.had better+动词原形，表示“最好干”，变否定句时在had better后加not.例如:You had better catch a bus.Youd better not catch a bus. (You had= Youd )七.动词不定式：want /forget /remember /would like /go + to + 动词原形例如: I want to get back my book.Lucy went to see his mot

17、her last night.九.特殊疑问句的变换：对划线部分提问时，将划线部分去掉，剩下部分变一般疑问句语序。(对主语提问例外)例如: My name is Lily. Whats your name?The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river?Unit 1 How often do you exercise?Grammar: 特殊疑问句：wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。特殊疑问句的构成及用法：结构：特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句， 即：特殊疑问

18、词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语（+其他）疑问代词：1) Who:谁。做主语，用来指人 Who is the boy under the tree?2）Whom 谁，做宾语，用来指人 Whom are you writing to?3) Whose 谁的，用来指所属关系，如果做定语，一般后接名词 Whose pen is this?4) Which 哪个，哪些，用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lilys?5)What什么，通常指物，也可指人，一般用在没有指出范围的情况下

19、What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?疑问副词：When:何时，询问时间 When will she come back?Where何地，询问地点， Where do you come from?Why为什么，询问原因， Why are you late for school?How 如何，询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?How old多大，询问年龄，How old is Jims little brother?How many/much多少，询问数量 Ho

20、w many birds are there in the tree?How far多远，询问距离， How far is it form your home to school?How long多长，多久，询问时间的长度或距离 How long will you stay in Beijing?How often多长时间按一次，询问频率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?How soon多久，询问时间 How soon will you come back?频率副词：表示动作发生的频率，never, sometimes, often,

21、usually, always. Unit 2 Whats the matter with you? Grammar:1. 用have 来描述身体不适 have/have got a +疾病名字；得了病 2.情态动词should,情态动词should,can, may, must没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?Grammar:现在进行时表将来 一般将来时表示将要做某事或计划打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助动词，它有人称和单复数的变化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是现在进

22、行时的形式，但用于表示将来。用进行时表将来，常用于表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情，一般指个人计划要做的事。用于此情况的动词一般是表示位置转移的动词，如，go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。一肯定句中，结构为“be+doing.”I am going shopping this afternoon.二否定句是在be之后加not. Im not going to shopping this afternoon.三一般疑问句是将be置于句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?Yes, I am/ we are. No

23、, Im not./ We arent.四特殊疑问句“疑问词+一般疑问句语序。”What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping? Who are you going there with? Where is she going?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Grammar: How引导的特殊疑问句：是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等词开头的疑问句。How does he get to shool?- He takes t

24、he train to get to shool.How long does it take to walk? -It takes about 35 minutes to walk. How far is it from your home to school? Its four miles from my home to school.How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.How much is this coat? This

25、 coat is 200 yuan.特殊疑问句的简略结构：how about?+ 名词或动词-ing形式，用于提出建议、请求或征求意见、询问消息等。如：How about playing tennis? Unit 5 Can you come to my party?Grammar:情态动词can及邀请句式及其问答情态动词can的用法：Can 是最长用的情态动词，其后跟动词原形，can的否定形式为cannot，cant.can表“能力”，意思是：能，会 I can paly basketball,but I cant swim.can表示能力时可和be able to 互换，be able t

26、o有更多的时态，常被用来表示can所 不能表示的将来或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.表示“可能性”，意思是：可以，可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.表示允许，意思是可以能够 You can have the book when I have finished it.表示“惊讶、不相信等（用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中”。意思是“会、可能。”This cant be true. Can it be true?如何发出、接受和谢

27、绝别人的邀请表达邀请的常用句型：Can you come to? Could you come to?Would you like to come to?Do you want to come to?接受邀请的常用句型：Sure. Certainly. OK. Id love to.谢绝邀请的常用句型：Im sorry, I cant. I have toIm afraid I cant. I have toI dont think I can. I have toUnit 6 Im more outgoing than my sister.Grammar:形容词的比较级规则变化、不规则变化（

28、课本P93）than 是比较级中最常见的标志词，意思是“比”。用于引出比较的对象。1.He draws better than me.2.Youre older than I am. You are older than me.形容词比较级前，有时可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等词来修饰。Much 和far表示“得多”,much better好得多，a little, a bit表示稍微，一些，一点。a little shorter, 稍微矮点；even表示“甚至，更加，还要”even bigger还要大些，three times表

29、示 “三倍”，如three times bigger than 比大三倍Very绝不可以用来修饰比较级，very,so,too, quite 修饰原级Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?Grammar: 可数名词与不可数名词一可数名词英语中的物质名词大体上可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词指物体的数量可数。其单数形式可在名词前加a或an,表示一个，如a pear. 其负数形式要在词尾加-s,或-es（特殊情况除外），如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many apples a few students few

30、bags二不可数名词1.不可数名词指物体的数量不可数。不可数名词没有单复数之分，也不能在词前直接加冠词a 或an.表示不可数名词的数量时可在不可数名词前加相应的由量词构成的短语。如a bag of 2.常见的量词短语有：a piece of a cup of a teaspoon of a bottle of 3.不可数名词还可以用下面的词表示数量：much much rain a little little4.既可以修饰不可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的词有：Lots of= a lot of许多，大量 some一些（用于肯定句）any一些（用于否定句和一般疑问句）Unit 8 How was

31、 your school trip?Grammar:一般过去时：指在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去意义的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last year(week,month),two years ago, in2006等。有时也可用when,after,before, as soon as引导的时间状语从句。该时态在句中的体现是谓语动词用过去式。谓语be动词was/were 否定：wasnt /werent Be动词句型 一般疑问句：was/were +主语特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语陈述句：主语+was/were+(肯定句) 否定句：主语+was

32、nt/werent+行为动词句型（当句中的动词为行为动词时，要借助动词did构成一般疑问句和否定句）肯定式：主语+动词过去式否定式：主语+didnt+动词原形一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形特殊疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形Unit 9 When was he born?Grammar: 一般过去时的特殊疑问句一般过去时的特殊疑问句的变法同一般现在时一样，不同之处在于须将be动词或助动词改为过去时态，即“特殊疑问词+were或was(第三人称单数)+主语+（表语）+其他成分”或“特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+实义动词+其他成分。”以when引导的特殊疑问句，对某人的出生年月进行提问，句型

33、是：When was/wereborn? was/were born in +时间When was David beckham born? 大卫.贝克汉姆是什么时候出生的？He was born in 1975.二以how long 引导的特殊疑问句，对表示某一短时间的状语进行提问。句型是： How long did + 主语+动词？How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.三When did he start hiccupping? 他什么时候开始打嗝？When +did+主语+动词？U

34、nit 10 Im going to be a basketball player.Grammar:一般将来时 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。1. be going to + 动词原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?2. will/shall + 动词原形 I will go to my hometown next week.3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.4. be

35、 +动词不定式 You are to be back by 10 oclock.5. be + about + 动词不定式 The meeting is about to begin.Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?Grammar:情态动词情态动词，表示说话者对某一动作的看法和态度，包括可能、怀疑、允许、愿望、必要、猜测等。Can(能、会),may( 可以),must( 必须、一定)等。情态动词的特点：(1)情态动词有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和另一个动词原形一起构成谓语，且没有人称和数的变化。1. I can speak English

36、. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now. (2)变否定句时，直接在情态动词后面加not,无需加助动词。He cant play the guitar well.He cant answer the question. You mustnt be late.(3)含有情态动词的句子变一般疑问句时，须将情态动词提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?(4)can 可表示能力、允许、可能性、怀疑猜测，意为“能，会，可以。”cant, 意为“不能，不会，不可以。”，还有“不可能”之意。-Can

37、you drive? Sorry, I cant. It cant be true.(5)can 也可表示请求与邀请Can you please sweep the floor? Unit12 Whats the best radio station?Grammar:形容词/副词的最高级，用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较，表示在一群人或事物中，其中一个 “最”见课本p93语法the +最高级 She is the tallest of all her classmates.最高级可被序数词以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not qui

38、te,not really, nothing like等修饰。This hat is by far the biggest.表示最高程度的形容词，excellent, extreme, prefect等没有最高级也不能用比较级。He is an excellent teacher.形容词最高级间修饰做表语或介词并与的名词代词是，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the youngest (boy) in his class.Who/Which +be+最高级，A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car? t

39、he +序数词+最高级 He is the second tallest student in our class.One of the +最高级+复数名词 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.个完整你选择哪个吧！单项选1、The boy likesquestions.Aask Banswer Cto ask 2、Well try there on time.Ato get Bgetting Cgot3、They hoped their mother soon. Ato see BsawCseeing4、Im glad

40、you again. Ameet Bmet Cto meet 5、He often helps memy bike.Amending Bto mend Cto mended 6、I heard Alicein the next door. AsingsBsang Csing7、The work is easy. Let him-it by himself. Ado Bto do Cdoing8、He saw Dick in and take a book away. Acame Bcoming Ccome 9、Does Jack wanta writer? Abe Bis Cto be10、T

41、he boss had them from morning to night. Aworked Bworking CWork 11、Its timehome. Ato go Bwent Cgoing 12、Tom is kind. He would likeyou. Ato helpBhelp Chelped13、Dont forget your books to school.Abring Bto bring Cbrought14、I dont know . Awhere does he live Bwhat is he doing Cwhere he lives Dwhat he is d

42、ring it15、Ask him how much . Adid it cost Bcost it Cit costed Dit costs16、I wonderused for. Awhat was this room Bwhich was this room Cwhat this room was Dthat this room was17、I really dont know .Awhere he was born Bwhere he is born Cwhere was he born Dwhere is he born 18、We have no iden- Ahow worrie

43、d was he Bhow worried he was Cthat was he worried Dwhat was he worried19、He wanted to knowthere.Ahow long time I had been Bhow long had I been Chow long I had been Dhow long I was20、My mother wants to know- .Ahow is Tom getting along Bhow he is getting along Cwhat is he getting alongDwhat he is gett

44、ing along21、What shall we do- it rains tomorrow? AifBwhen Csince22、The doctor didnt have a rest the operation was over. Abefore Bafter Cuntil23、She didnt go to the cinemashe was very busy.Awhen Buntil CBecause24、His parents didnt send their children to school life was hard. AifBwhile Cbecause25、Fini

45、sh doing your homework you go to bed. Abefore Buntil Cafter26、The film was interesting all of us wanted to see it again.Aas, asBso, that Csuch, that27、he heard a girl crying for help outside, he rushed out of the room. ABefore BAs soon as Cafter28、There arestudents in Class Onein Class Two. Aas many

46、, than Bas much, as Cmore, than Dso many, as29. I was watching TV, my sister was litening to the radio programme. AAfter BWhile CBefore30、Lets wait for him _ he _back. Auntil, will comeBuntil, came Cif, will come Duntil, comes31、Ill remember _her the letter. Agive Bgave Cto give 32、He turned on the

47、radio and stopped _to the radio.AlistenedBto listen Clistening33、He had decided_ it again.AwrittenBwriting Cto write34、Its cold. You need _ warm clothes. Ato wear Bwearing Cwore 35、Mr Black mill agree _there with you. Ato go Bwent Cwill go 36、They were able to _last year. Aswam BswimCswimming37、She

48、is pleased _her friend. Ato meet Bmet Cmeeting 38、They were sorry _ that. Ato hear BheardChearing39、He is sure _tomorrow.Ato come Bwill come Ccoming40、Teacher told us _quiet. Ais BareCto be 41、He will teach me _this year.Ato skateBskating Cskated42、They asked him _any noise.Anot making Bno make Cnot

49、 to make43、Did you hear her _the song in English last night? AsingBsangCto sing Dsings44、The students dont know_next. Ato do what Bwhat to do Cwhat do Ddo what45、The boss made them_ten hours a day.Aworked Bworking Cwork Dto work 46、Id like my good friend_to my home. Acome Bwill come Ccoming Dto come47、Will you help me _this morning? Ado the wash Bto do the wash Cdo the washing Ddoing the washing48、Id love _that film, will it be on tomorrow? Asee Bto see Cseeing Dseen49、He told them _on with the work. Ato goBgoing Cgo Dwent 50、Well try _the work b