第八章比较语言学(comparison linguistics).ppt

1、Linguistics Comparison,指明事物的异同所在不难，追究它们何以有此异同就不那么容易了。而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的。（吕叔湘）,所谓语言学理论，实际上就是语言的比较，就是世界各民族语言综合比较研究得出的科学结论。（赵元任）,1. What is linguistic comparison?,It refers to a branch of linguistics, in which the primary concern is to make statements comparing the characteristics of different language, di

2、fferent varieties of the same language or different historical states of a language.,2. Comparison and Contrast in linguistics,比较语言学：Comparative Grammar/Linguistics 对比分析：Contrastive Analysis 对比语言学：Contrastive Linguistics,Comparison may be conducted intralingually or interlingually on a synchronic ba

3、sis or on a diachronic basis. So four types of comparison may be distinguished:,(1)Synchronic intralingual comparison,This is the comparison of the constituent forms of the phonetic, phonological, lexical, grammatical and other linguistic systems within a particular language during a specific period

4、 of its evolution.,(2)Diachronic intralingual comparison,This kind of comparison occurs where the history of a given language is involved. A diachronic comparison of English, for instance, reveals that the language has undergone four stages of evolvement: Old English (up to 1150), Middle English(115

5、0-1500), Early English(1500-1700) and Late Modern English(1700 onwards).,(3)Diachronic interlingual comparison,When comparison crosses language borders, we get a very important branch of linguistics that developed in modern times. This is the so-called (comparative) historic linguistics (also known

6、as philology which stated in the late 18th century and evolved into a dominant branch of linguistic study in the 19th century.,4)Synchronic interlingual comparison,According to the purpose of comparison, three kinds of it may be distinguished: (a)the first kind of synchronic interlingual comparison

7、is carried out with a view to finding out the common features of and the laws governing the structures of all the languages in the world. Its goal, in other words, is to find out the “language universals” or “linguistic universals,(b)The second kind of synchronic interlingual comparison is conducted

8、 for the aim of finding out the typical differences between all the languages in the world in their structure so that these languages can be classified according to their formal features.,(c) The third kind of synchronic interlingual comparison is conducted within the scope of usually two languages,

9、 although more languages may be involved.,Contrast linguistics,Contrastive linguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages synchronically, with the aims of discovering their differences and similarities (especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas o

10、f study.,Contrastive linguistics is also known as “contrastive analysis” (CA) or “contrastive studies”. These three terms are largely interchangeable.,Kinds of Contrastive Analysis,Intralingual Analysis of contrastive phonemes Feature analysis of morphosyntactic categories Analysis of morphemes havi

11、ng grammatical meaning Analysis of word order Componential analysis of lexemes Analysis of lexical relations Cross-linguistic Comparative analysis of morphosyntactic systems Comparative analysis of lexical semantics Analysis of translational equivalence Study of interference in foreign language lear

12、ning,Generally speaking, the term of “comparative” and the term “contrastive” means differently. In the field of linguistics, in terms of “comparative linguistics”, it is intended to make a diachronic study of some related languages so as to create a parent language or ancestor language. Conversely,

13、 in terms of contrastive linguistics” it involves a synchronic study of two unrelated languages so as to find out the dissimilarities in phonetic, grammatical and rhetoric aspects.,历史比较语言学（比较语法） -通过语言亲属关系的比较，研究语言的发展规律， 构拟它们的共同母语。,历史比较语言学的产生有两个不可或缺的条件：,* 广泛收集世界各种语言材料； * 认识到梵语（Sanskrit）在语言比较中的地位和作用。,历

14、史比较语言学 historical comparative linguistics,3. 19世纪历史比较语言学发展的三个阶段：,初始阶段： 1）拉斯克（R.Rask）的古代北欧语或冰岛语起源研究 -系统比较基本语汇中的词-语音对应规律-确定语言的亲缘关系 ； 2）格里姆（JGrimm）的日耳曼语语法 -“格里姆定律”（Grimms Law）：语音对应规律是建立印欧语系和其他语系的基础。 -维尔纳（KVerner）：维尔纳定律，使音变规律的研究日臻完善,3）葆朴 （F Bopp）的论梵语动词变位系统与希腊语、拉丁语和日耳曼语的比较（ 1816年） -梵语的位置：它既不是拉丁语、希腊语和其他欧洲

15、语言的母语，也不是由其他语言演变而来，它和其他语言都出于一种共同的原始语言，只不过它比其他语言保存更多的原始形式。,-从孤立分散研究到共同母语的系统构拟,第二阶段 ： 19世纪中期,施莱歇尔（August Schleicher）印度日耳曼语系语言比较语法纲要 -开始具体“构拟”不复存在的原始母语的形式,树形谱系图 Language Family Tree,树形谱系图 Language Family Tree,“新语法学派”时期：19世纪的最后25年,奥斯特霍夫（HOsthoff）、布鲁克曼（KBrugmann） 刊物形态学研究：语音演变规律不允许任何例外。 -基于语言材料，借鉴生理学和心理学的

16、研究成果， 强调“类推”在语言演变中的作用。,-收集了丰富的语言材料，进行了广泛深入的调查和比较； -提出了人类语言演变过程的假设，画出了世界语言的谱系，提出了有关语言起源、语言本质的新理论； -创造出比较科学的研究方法； -为后来结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件。,19世纪历史比较语言学的重要贡献：,-重心在词汇和语音研究上， “内部构拟”和比较的方法,对比语言学,美国的对比分析：应用性,Fries（1945年）Teaching 3.对比领域从传统的语音、语法对比向篇章、语用对比扩展; 4.对对比语言学本身的一些理论、方法问题的探讨不断深入。,4. 当前对比语言学发展的四个新趋

17、势：,语言内部 II I 历时 共时 III IV 语言之间,I: 同一语言；同一阶段 （现代汉语） II：同一语言；不同阶段 （汉语史） III：不同语言；不同阶段 （历史比较语言学） IV：不同语言；同一阶段 （三类：普遍语法；语言类型学；对比语言学）,比较的四个象限：,5. 比较语言学和对比语言学的异同：,相同： 两种或两种语言之间，通过“比较”或“对比” 揭示其特征 差异： 研究的对象不同： 目标不同： 方法重点不同： 历史和发展趋势不同,历时/共时,构拟共同语言、语言谱系/找出差异、服务应用,亲属语/亲属语或非亲属语,6. 汉英对比研究的意义,促进对外汉语教学 促进现代汉语研究 为翻

18、译学及机器翻译建设打基础 革新英汉、汉英词典编纂工作 进一步认识语言及思维及文化的关系,对比研究的内容,语音对比 文字对比 词汇对比 语法对比 篇章对比 修辞和文化对比 话语组织法对比 语言心理对比,Outline of Contrastive Study of English and Chinese（ Pan Wenguo ）,Prof Pan Wenguo puts forth “one center, two approaches, three perspectives and four conditions”.,One center,In terms of “one center” h

19、e means to take the contrastive study of the Chinese grammar and the English grammar as the center.,Two approaches,In terms of “two approaches” he refers to the contrastive study of the language facts and the contrastive study of the framework of the syntax.,Three perspectives,The three perspectives involve the procedures of the study,Four conditions,In terms of “four conditions”, he means the following four aspects of knowledge: knowledge of modern English, knowledge of modern Chinese, knowledge of modern linguistics ,knowledge of history and culture of English and Chinese an