英语构词法.ppt

1、构词法,Compound words:,A compound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word.,1.复合名词(compound noun)：复合名词在英语中占有很大的数量，通常在句中作主语、宾语；偶尔也可用作定语，但表 示的不是该名词的特点，而是该名词的用途 A. noun+noun: 1）football 足球 2）classroom 教室3）housework 家务活 4）doorbell 门铃5）pencil-box 铅笔盒 B. noun+v-ing: 1）handwriting 书法2）sun-bat

2、hing 日光浴 3）bookkeeping 笔记4）letter-writing 书信 5）watchmaking 钟表制造业,C. v-ing+noun: a在逻辑上有主谓关系，并用来表示所修饰的名词的特征。这时动词-ing 是现在分词 。例如： 1）working people 劳动人民 2）running water 流水 3）flying fish 飞鱼 b在逻辑上没有主谓关系，这时动词-ing 是动名词。例如：1）sitting-room 起居室 2）reading-room 阅览室3）sleeping-pills 安眠药 4）building material 建筑材料5）din

3、ing car 餐车,D. verb+noun: 1）pickpocket 扒手 2）breakwater 防浪堤3）playground 操场 4）workplace 车间5）driftwood 浮木,E. adj.+noun: 1）shorthand 速记 2）double-dealer 两面派3）blackboard 黑板 4）white-face 丑角5）high-speed 高速,F. verb+adv. 1）get-together 聚会 2）break-through 突破3）take-away 熟食 4）workout（工作） 能力测验5）die-hard 死硬派,G. adv

4、+verb 1）downfall 垮台 2）outbreak 爆发3）output 产量 4）newly-wed 新婚夫妇,2.复合形容词：复合形容词通常在句中作定语用，少数也可以作表语。常见的有以下几种类型： A、adj+adj：1)darkblue 深蓝色的2)redhot 炽热的3)lightyellow 浅黄色的4)bittersweet 又苦又甜的 B. adj+noun ：1)largescale 大规模的2)highclass 高级的3)oldstyle 旧式的4)longdistance 长途的5)lowtemperature 低温的,C、adj.+noun+-ed：1)nob

5、leminded 高尚的2)goodtempered 脾气好的3)oldfashioned 老式的4)kindhearted 好心的5)glasstopped 玻璃罩的 D. adj.+现在分词： 1)goodlooking 好看的2)hardworking 努力工作的3)easygoing 好说话的4)finelooking 美观的5)finesounding 好听的,E. adj.+过去分词：1)readymade 现成的2)highborn 出身高贵的3)newborn 新生的 F. noun+adj.：1)waterproof 防水的2)icecold 冰冷的3)dutyfree 免税

6、的4)snowwhite 雪白的5)paperthin 薄如纸的,G、noun现在分词”1)peaceloving 热爱和平的2)papermaking 造纸的3)epochmaking 划时代的4)Englishspeaking 说英语的5)recordbreaking 打破记录的 H、“noun过去分词”1)handmade 手工的2)manmade 人造的3)stateowned 国营的4)schoolrun 校办的5)heartfelt 由衷的,I、“adv.现在分词” ：1)hardworking 勤劳的2)farreaching 意义深远的3)fastspreading 迅速传播的

7、4)wellmeaning 善意的5)everlasting 继续的J.”adv.过去分词” 例如：1)newlyinvented 新发明的2)wellknown 著名的3)widespread 广泛流传的4)highlydeveloped 高度发达的5)badlylighted 光线不好的,K、“adv.+adj.” 例如：1)evergreen 常绿的2)downright 真正的3)wideopen 张得很大的 L、“prep+noun” 例如：1)underground 地下的2)overspeed 超速的3)underproof 不合格的4)overhead 经过头上的5)overt

8、hetop 自塔顶排出的,3. 复合动词英语中复合动词常见的构成方式 A“noun+verb”例如：1）hand pick 手工挑选2）machine plant 机器种植3）eavesdrop 偷听4）sleep-walk 梦游5）sun-bathe 行日光浴 B“adv.+verb”例如：1）overload 超载2）undergo 经历3）overthrow 向外传播4）uphold 支持5）outspread 向外传播,C“adj.+verb”例如：1）white-wash 粉刷2）short-circuit 使短路3）blacklist 列入黑名单4）safeguard 捍卫D“ad

9、v.+noun”例如：1）underline 在下划线2）overwork 过度工作E“verb+adv.”例如：1）bring-up 教养2）turn-out 罢工,4.复合副词英语中数量不多，常见的有下面几种类型 A“adj.+noun”例如：1）sometimes 有时2）sometime 某时3）firsthand 第一手的 B“noun+adj.”例如：1）sidelong 横地2）lifelong 一生地3）sky-high 天一样高地4）stone-still 非常寂静地,C“prep+noun”例如：1）beforehand 事先2）alongside 在旁边D“noun+ad

10、v.”例如：1）upside-down 颠倒2）headfirst 头朝前3）whole-heartedly 全心全意地E“adv.+prep”例如：1）upalong 向上2）nearby 附近3）whereabout 在什么周围,Coinage 创新构词,A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, mostly for new things and objects. 指发明全新的词汇。这些创造出来的词大多是熟悉的商标名。 E.g. Xerox digital camera,Clipping Words 缩略词,Clippin

11、g refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases. 将一个较长的词简缩为较短的词来使用 . Four main types: back clippings, front clippings, back and front clippings, phrase clippings,Back clippings: The deletion occur at the end of the word.e.g. ad.=advertisement auto=automobile,Front clippings: The deletion occ

12、ur at the beginning of the word. e.g. gym=gymnasium disco=discotheque,Back and front clippings: The deletion occurs at both ends of a word. e.g. fridge = refrigerator flu=influenza Phrase clippings: Shortening of a phrase e.g. perm = permanent wave pop = popular music,Blending 拼缀词,A blend is a word

13、formed by combining parts of other words, and it is one kind of Breviary Words 英语中的缩合词是指将两个英语词剪接而形成的一个新词，其意义一般也是两个词义的缩合。 e.g. Smoke+fogsmog（烟雾） Motor+hotelmotel（汽车旅馆）,英语的缩合构词法一般有以下几种形式：,一、第一个词的词首加第二个词的词尾。如： avionics（aviation electronics）航空电子学 brunch（breakfastlunch）早午餐 escalator（escalade elevator）自动楼

14、梯 heliport（helicopter airport）直升机机场 telecast（television broadcast）电视广播 transceiver（transmitter receiver）收发报机,二、第一个词的词首加第二个词的整体。如： ammeter（amper meter）安培计 Eurafrican（European African）欧非（大陆）的，欧非人的 Euramerican（European American）欧美（大陆）的，欧美人的 Euroasia（Europe Asia）欧亚大陆 Medicare（medicalcare）（美、加）老年保健医疗 Med

15、ichair（medicalchair）（装有电子传感器用以监测人体活动的）诊查椅,三、第一个词的整体加第二个词的词尾。如： airveyor（airconveyor）气压输送器 hotray（hottray）电力自动保温盘 lunarnaut（lunar astronaut）登月太空人 newscast（news broadcast）新闻广播,四、第一个词的词首加第二个词的词首。如： comsat（communication satellite）通讯卫星 gox（gaseous oxygen）气态氧 lox（liquid oxygen）液态氧 moped（motorpedal）机器脚踏车,A

16、cronyms首字母缩略词,利用词的第一个字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就叫做首字母缩略词。 CBS-Columbia Broadcasting System ISBN-International Standard Book Number IT-Information Technology CAD-Computer Assisted Design WTO-World Trade Organization VIP-Very Important Person,首字母拼音词 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字母拼音词 APECeipekFrom Asian Pacific Economic Co

17、operation AIDSeidzFrom Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome UNESCOju:neskuFrom United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Oragnization,Back-formation 逆成法,Back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme(语义), usually by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.,For examp

18、le, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb+-

19、ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.,Other examples:,insert( derived from insertion) project( derived from projection) televise( derived from television),Back-formation is different from clipping back-formation may change the part of speech or the words meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words

20、 from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word.,Attention:,Functional shift 词性转化,In linguistics, functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. For example, as a noun, a commute refers to a journey or trip that is taken. As a v

21、erb, commute can refer to the act of taking that trip, as well as foregoing something, such as commuting a sentence or an obligation.,Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, which is also called conversion.,Other examples:,Noun Verb: to knee to brake to ta

22、pe Verb Noun: a retreat a hold a flyby Adjective Verb: to cool to narrow to light Adjective Noun: the poor a daily a Christian,Borrowing （借用） When different cultures come into contact, words are often “borrowed” from one language to another.,The loan word(外来词）：It may label a new concept ,or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word.,Of the 20,000 or so words in common use, about three-fifths ar