英语词汇学串讲3.ppt

1、IV. Word Meaning,4.1 The Meanings of Meaning: 4.1.1 Reference（所指） : Reference is the relationship between language and the world. In other words on1y when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i. e. an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become

2、meaningful. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.,4.1.2. Concept概念: Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, whic

3、h is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.,4.1.3. Sense语义: Unlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the

4、 language. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. Every word that has meaning has sense（not every word has reference).,出题形式：选择，填空 2003 3.The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is . ()

5、Aconventional Bnon-conventional CconcreteDspecific 答案：A 13.Which of the following statements is true? （） AEvery word has reference. BEvery word has sense. CEvery word is semantically motivated. DEvery word is conceptually motivated. 答案：B,15.The relationship between words and things in the world is e

6、stablished by means of （）. Areference Bsense Cconcept DMeaning 答案：A 2002 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Se

7、nse denotes the relationships outside the language. 答案：D,4.2 Motivation词义的理据 Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can be said to be non-motivated. However

8、, English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.,4.2.1. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据: In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Then we can say they are onomatopo

9、etically motivated words.,4.2.2. Morphological Motivation: Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.,4.2.3. Semantic Motivation: Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning

10、 of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.,4.2.4. Etymological Motivation： The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.,出题形式：选择，填空,定义 2003(45) semant

11、ic motivation 2006 11. Motivation accounts for the connection between the word-form and _. A. its referent B. its referring expressions C. its meaning D. its concept 答案：C 2005 6. Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated?（） A. croak, drum B. squeak, bleat C. buzz, neig

12、h D. bang, trumpet 答案：A,4.3 Types of Meaning 4.3.1.Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning： Grammatical meanings refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words（nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural

13、 meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. E.g. that,Lexical meaning：It is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. Lexical meaning itself has two components：conceptual meaning and associative meaning E.g. rose Functional words, though having little lexical meani

14、ng, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular E.g. that,4.3.2. Conceptual meaning : It（also known as denotative meaning）is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable

15、, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.,4.3.3. Associative meaning： It is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-

16、ended and indeterminate. Associative meaning comprises four types：connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.,4.3.3.1. Connotative meaning. In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known

17、as connotations. E. g. mother, rose Connotative meaning is unstable. E. g. home,4.3.3.2. Stylistic meaning: Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words.,4

18、.3.3.3. Affective meaning: Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question Appreciative words： Words of positive overtones and showing appreciation or the attitude of approval. E.g. famous, determined Pejorative words: words of negative connotations implying

19、 disapproval, contempt or criticism. E.g. notorious, pigheaded,4.3.3.4. Collocative meaning: This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.,出题形式：选择，填空 200

20、6年 20. Content words have both meanings, and _ meaning in particular. 答案：Lexical meaning 44. conceptual meaning 答案：Conceptual meaning（also known as denotative meaning）is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning,2005年 50. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example. 答案：Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. 2004 2. Which of the following statem