四六级阅读技巧 （1）

Reading Skills,milly,menu,SkimmingScanningScanning & PredictingPreviewingIdentify the writer's purposeRead for the key ideaMajor detailsRead between lines,Distinguish Facts &OpinionsMaking InferencesUnderstanding figurative languageIdiomatic expressionsGuessing word meaningDenotation & Connotation,Exercise,Skimming,I. Skimming,1. What is skimming ?,Reading Skills,Read quickly to identify the main idea of a passage.,Skimming is used when you want to see if an article may be of your interest.,2. When to skim ?, get the general idea of a passage.,3. How to skim ?,a. Read only selected sentences.,b. Read the first and last paragraphs of a text.,d. Use textual clues such as:, italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing and paragraphing.,c. Read the first and last sentences of a      paragraph.,Reading Skills,II. Further Study,1. Summary of 4 kinds of reading,Reading Skills,Skimmingrunning the eyes over quickly to get the gist of  a reading material Scanninglooking for a particular piece of information of  a reading material Extensive readinglonger texts for pleasure and needing  global understanding Intensive readingshorter texts, extracting specific    information, accurate reading for detail.,2. Exercise: How would you read the following?,The “What's On” section of the local paper:,b. A text in class:,c. A newspaper:,Scanning.,Intensive.,Skimming, Scanning for specific information, Intensive.,d. A travel brochure:,Skimming for interest, Scanning for a particular resort, Intensive for detail.,Reading Skills,e. A postcard :,Intensive.,f. A poem :,Extensive.,g. A train timetable :,Scanning.,h. A recipe :,Intensive.,i. A novel:,Extensive (or Intensive for revision, perhaps).,Reading Skills,Skimming,Skimming Practice,When you skim, you read only selected sentences      quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage.,In skimming, you should also use textual clues such   as italicized or underlined words, headlines or     subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc.,The key step is to decide what information you    want to know , and then try to skim for it.,Reading Skills,I. Skimming,Exercises,Scanning,I. Scanning,Scanning is a reading skill used to locate key or specific information quickly, e.g. dates, numbers, examples & definitions.,Reading Skills,1. What is scanning?,2. When to scan?,Scanning is used, for example, when you want to look up a word in a dictionary or a number in a     telephone directory. first find a resource to determine whether it will answer      your questions.,Reading Skills,3. How to scan ?,highlighted words, e.g. words in bold or italic. numbers, e.g. dates and statistics. words such as “first”, “second”, or “additionally” or words  that are repeated. definitions. examples, including diagrams.,Look for,Reading Skills,II. Exercises,Scan the following paragraphs and answer each question. You have a time limit of 60 seconds for each question.,Reading Skills,In order to develop effective learning skills, it is necessary to understand more about how the memory is structured, in particular the role of short-term memory and long-term memory.  Short-term memory is the part known as the conscious mind and is used for paying attention.  Long-term memory is where information is stored. There are many things that come into the short-term memory and are not transferred to the long-term memory.  In fact the brain is designed to forget between 50 and 75 percent of the information that is not transferred to the long-term memory within 24 hours.,Question: What percentage of information is forgotten  in short term memory if it is not transferred to long term memory?,Long and short term memory,Reading Skills,SchemasEverything we understand and experience is translated into schemas in our long term memory.  A schema is a collection of associated pieces of information.  Each individual has a unique collection of schemas in their memory.  These apply to anything that is significant in a person's life, for example, city, suburb, family or work.  A schema is perhaps best understood as a loosely connected web of ideas based on stored memories that can be activated by language or sensory prompts.  Individual schemas overlap with, or are hooked intoother schemas.,Question: What is the definition of a schema?,Scanning,Reading Skills,Scanning is to read quickly in order to locate and  find a piece of information without readingin any detail.  Here are some ways to scan.,Look at the title. Look for the subtitles(小标题). Look  at pictures, charts, or drawings if   there are any. Look at the first sentence of each paragraph.,Reading Skills,In this unit, were going to learn the scanning steps. The steps involved in scanning are the following:,Decide exactly what information you are looking for and think about the form it may take. Next, decide where you need to read.Move your eyes as quickly as possible down the page until you find the information.When you find what you need, do not read further.,Scanning,Exercises,I. What is Scanning?,Reading Skills,Scanning is to locate a specific item of information  or to tell where we can get that information. Scanning is particularly useful in reading  newspapers or advertisements. It is also possible to use this reading skill to find  some particular information in any kind of reading  materials.,Decide what information you are looking for, and think about the form it may take. Next, think about where you would be likely      to get the information and move your eyes quickly.Stop reading when you have got the right      information.,Steps to scan:,Reading Skills,1.  How many Chinese people find it difficult to fall          asleep?          Lying in bed counting sheep is not a solution          to falling asleep, especially for people engaged          in continual mental labor. The fear of not being          able to fall asleep brings anxiety and insomnia,          explained the experts. A recent national          survey among 10,455 Chinese people showed          27.3% of the subjects admitted they have          sleeping problems.,Reading Skills,II. Exercises,2.  What kind of music can audience enjoy at the      festival?     The 2004 Midi Modern Music Festival will take place on Oct. 1 to 4 at Beijing International Sculpture Park. Audience can watch 45 bands playing various music styles including rock, folk, blues, hip-hop and jazz. Sponsored in 2000, it was at first a showcase for students of the music school. Now the festival has expanded into an outdoor festival for young and little-known bands     to perform their unique style.,Reading Skills,Scanning and Predicting,I. Scanning and Predicting,Reading Skills,Scanning a text means reading through the text quickly in order to find a piece of information that you want or to get a general idea of what the text contains.,Reading Skills,Where to scan?,Usually, we should very carefully read the title, the subtitles, the first sentence of a paragraph to get enough information for our thinking.,What will this reading skill benefit you?,It can help us have a good idea where in the reading passage to look for answers to the specific questions.,Prediction,Decide Your Choice,I.  Prediction,Reading Skills,Predicting is using the text to guess what willhappen next. Then readers confirm or reject their prediction as they read. Predicting is a reading strategy used before and during reading. A technique to apply to this readingstrategy is to use the Think-Pair-Share method.,Take Passage A of Unit 10 as an example.,II. Decide Your Choice,Reading Skills,Looking at the title of the passage Reports on Britain Under the Bombs, We may ask: When was Britain bombed? Why? What did English people do for fun? Was the report interesting?,After reading the first three paragraphs, youll know: In the middle of August, Nazi bombs started to fall along Englands Channel Coasts.,Then you go on reading. When you read “AirMarshal Goerings bomber pilots were sure of their ultimate triumph over England.” you mayraise another question:  a. How bomber pilots bombed England?  b. Who won at last?c. Who was Marshal Goering?,Reading Skills,Reading Skills,After reading paragraph 6, you may again ask: a. What hardships did London suffer ?b.  Why did Marshal Goering boast?,You keep asking questions and confirm your predictions as you keep reading on. When you finish the article, you will have all the questionsanswered.,Predicting the Writers Ideas,Making predictions while you read keepsyour mind alert; its a way to double-check your comprehension of what youve read so far, and itcan be a great aid to understanding what comes next. We can predict the writers ideas from titles,subtitles, sentences, or paragraphs.,Practice,Reading Skills,Predicting the Writers Ideas,Take a look at the title of Text A, and predict what information the passage might give.,Reading Skills,Title Predicting  1,Choose to Be Alone on Purpose,1. Reasons why some people choose to be alone on purpose.2. Advantages and disadvantages of being alone on purpose.3. Negative social influence of some people choosing to be alone on purpose.4. Positive results of some people choosing to be alone on purpose.,Reading Skills,Take a look at the title of Text B, and predict what information the passage might give.,Reading Skills,Title Predicting 2,Roommate Conflicts,1. What roommate conflicts may appear. 2. Negative influence of roommate conflicts.3. Reasons for roommate conflicts.4. How roommates solve their conflicts.5. What schools do to solve the problem of roommate conflicts. 6. Does conflict resolution work?,Reading Skills,Read the following two paragraphs and choose the answer to the prediction.,Reading Skills,Paragraph Predicting  1,As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capital income (人均收入) of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest,(To be continued),Reading Skills,Reading Skills,nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 per cent in Western Europe and less than 4 per cent in the UnitedStates.     In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it function. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a conversation of its marketstructure.,Question,Question,Reading Skills,This passage will most probably be followed by a discussion of _.A) the structure of American farming populationB) the market structure of American agricultureC) the various functions of American agricultureD) the organization of American agriculture,Key: B,Reading Skills,Paragraph Predicting 2,Read Text B and predict what might follow in the next paragraph or parts. There are a few predictions inserted in the passage and check them.,Paragraph 2Paragraphs 4-6Paragraph 7Paragraphs 8-9,Prediction 1,Reading Skills,After reading the title and the first paragraph, you find that Sarah was incompatible with her roommate. You can make predictions that thefollowing paragraph might be about:,Key: A,A) how Sarah found a way out of her miserable situationB) how Sarah tried to improve her relation with   her roommateC) what Sarah did to punish her roommate,Prediction 2,Reading Skills,After reading paragraph 3, you know that roommate conflicts are common in college dormitories. From this, you can predict that thefollowing parts might be about:,Key: C,A) what schools do to solve the problem of     roommate conflictsB) how to avoid roommate conflictsC) the reasons for roommate conflicts,Prediction 3,Reading Skills,From paragraphs 4-6, you learn the negative impacts of roommate conflicts and the reasons for roommate conflicts. In the next paragraph, youmight read:,Key: B,A) students are trying to solve the conflicts by themselvesB) as small conflicts might lead to serious    violence if not attended to in time, schools are taking necessary measures nowC) schools are not taking roommate conflicts  seriously,Prediction 4,Reading Skills,From paragraph 7, you learn schools have started conflict resolution programs to calm tensions. In the next paragraph, you mightread:,Key: C,A) conflict resolution programs yield very good   resultsB) conflict resolution programs do not workC) conflict resolution programs have met new problems,Previewing,Reading Skills,In order to read for information, you can also PREVIEWthat is, look ahead to the content of a passage in a number of ways.,The ways to preview a reading selection:,Reading Skills,Very likely the title and the first paragraph can give the main idea of the selection.,Look at the title. Read the first paragraph carefully.,Other textual clues can help to get the main idea : Italicized or underlined words Headlines or subtitles Spacing Paragraphing,Reading Skills,Reading Skills,For example, when you see the title “College Success Made Easy”, think about it and predict what the passage is about.,A. Ways to make college success easy.B. Good computer software for college learning.C. Selecting college teachers or your majors.D. Relying on modernized library service.,Identifying the Writers Purpose,Exercises,Reading Skills,I. Identifying the Writers Purpose,Reading effectively means recognizing the writers purposes. Three common purposes of writing are:, to inform, to persuade, to entertain,Reading Skills,Three common purposes of writing,to provide readers with informationabout a topic,to convince readers to believe a certain viewpoint or to take a certaincourse of action,to amuse readers in some way, though very often there is somefood for thought as well,Reading Skills,How to identify the writers purposes?,An informational text uses facts, details, examples, statistics, and quotes from authorities to convey information about a subject and explain it to the reader so that he or she understands it more thoroughly. Informational writing can be found in newspaper articles, how-to manuals, shortreports, etc.,How to identify informational writing?,Reading Skills,An persuasive text uses evidence to support your viewpoint. Rhetorical questions, evaluating language or judgmental language are frequentlyused in the writing process. Persuasive writing is frequently used in debates.,How to identify persuasive writing?,Reading Skills,An entertaining text uses rather informal language, simple sentence structures, dialogues, puns or figures of speech. Popular literature texts such as cartoons, comics, song lyrics, TV soaps and jokes are mainly written to entertain.,How to identify entertaining writing?,Identifying the Writers Purpose,Clues to Identify the Kind of Writing,Exercises,I. Identifying the Writers Purpose,Writers write for a purpose. Three common purposes are: to informto provide readers with information  about a topic; to persuadeto convince readers to believe a      certain viewpoint or to take a certain course of  action; to entertainto amuse readers in some way.,Reading Skills,II. Clues to identify the kind of writing,Reading Skills,Read for the Key Idea,I. Read for the Key Idea,Separate minor details from the main      idea.     main idea: who is doing what      minor details: when, what kind, where,                                why, how.,Reading Skills,II. Practice: Finding the Key Idea,1.When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help.,It was impossible for him to walk.,2.In Manhattan the subway station was the     basement of his office building, and he would   not have to go outside again until we met   him in Brooklyn on his way home.,The subway was the basement, and he would not have to go outside.,Reading Skills,3. If he did, I am sorry I never told him     how sorry I was, how unworthy I was,   how I regretted it.,I am sorry.,Reading Skills,Reading for the Main Idea in a Paragraph,Reading Skills,Reading for The Main Idea,The main idea of a passage is the thought  that is presented from the beginning to   the end. In a well-written paragraph, most of the sentences support, describe or explain the   main idea.The main idea frequently appears in the first sentence, sometimes in the middle or at the   end.,I. Read for the Main Idea in a Paragraph,Every paragraph has a main idea which is the    most important information the author wants  you to know about the concept of that paragraph.,Now read the following paragraph and pick up the key words which help you form the main idea.,Reading Skills,Some key words help describe or explain the     main idea.,Ugh! My camera is all slimy. I was trying to photograph a humpback whale as it blew from its blow hole. It was too close! When a humpback whale breathes, it blows air and water vapor out its blow hole on the top of its head. The whales breath, forced out the hole at 450 kph, is composed of air and water vapor; it can reach 5 meters high and seen from 2 kilometers away on a clear day. It contains a fishy smell and oily substance, which can leave a residue on a camera lens, if to