大学英语四六级写作课件

2018/4/14,1,Writing Skills,2018/4/14,2,四、六 级 写 作,I. 大纲要求：    众所周知，大学英语写作已越来越受到重视。1996年国家教委考试中心发布规定：在今后的大学英语四、六级考试中，作文部分设立最低分（至少6分）制度。考生作文若低于6分，则从客观题分数中扣除少掉的部分。因此，写作的重要性是显而易见的。大学英语教学大纲四级对学生写的能力有明确的规定：能在半小时内写出120词左右的短文，包括书信、文章摘要等。文理基本通顺。具体地说，四、六级写作一般是要求学生运用学到的语言知识，按规定的题目和提示，在半小时内写出120词（四级）/150词（六级）的短文，内容连贯，无重大语法错误。,2018/4/14,3,II. 大学英语四、六级考试作文评分原则及标准一、评分原则：1. CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要 求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2. CET作文采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3. 从内容和语言对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,2018/4/14,4,二、评分标准1. 本题满分为15分。2. 阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。3. 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照Range Finders评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。4. 评分标准：2分 - 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分 - 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分 - 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相多，其中有一些是严重错误。,2018/4/14,5,11分 - 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 - 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分    5. 字数不足应酌情扣分：,2018/4/14,6,III. 主要命题类型：（一）段首句作文 (in English and in Chinese) (二) 提纲式作文 (both in Chinese and in English)（三）命题作文（只给出作文题目）（四）看图作文 ( Band 6 - 89.1; 90.6; 96.6; 2002. 6)（五）根据所规定的情景作文 (2003.6)（六）用所给的关键词作文（七）根据要求写信（2001.6；2002.1）（八）根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意 (九)  运用文写作,2018/4/14,7,2006年1月 (2005年12月)  RANGE-FINDERS (6QSH2) 定稿,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a company declining a job offer. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.对公司提供职位表示感谢解释为何不能接受所提供的职位希望给予谅解， 并表达对公司的良好祝愿,2018/4/14,8,A Letter Declining A Job OfferDear Mr. White,    I want to express my appreciation to you for your job offer. Thank you for discussing the details of the position with me and giving me time to consider your offer.    You have a great organization and there are many aspects of the position that are appealing to me. However, Im afraid I cant accept your kind offer. After much consideration, I have decided to accept a similar position with another firm on the west coast. I believe this position will better fit my research interests and my future goal to apply to law schools in that region. This has been a difficult decision for me, but I believe it is the appropriate one for my career at this time.,2018/4/14,9,I sincerely hope that my decision doesnt cause inconvenience for you. Thank you for the consideration and courtesy you gave me. Im sure you will soon find a well-qualified candidate for the position.                                                                     Sincerely,                                                             Li Ming,2018/4/14,10,2005年6月RANGE-FINDERS (6QSH2) 定稿,Outline:目前盗版的现象比较严重造成这种现象的原因及其危害我们应该怎么做,2018/4/14,11,Say No to Pirated Products    At present, piracy is becoming unprecedentedly visible in China. Any products such as tapes, CDs and hi-tech devices can be copied, not to mention books. Shortly after a newly-published book hits the shelves, people will unsurprisingly find its pirated counterparts in the stores.,2018/4/14,12,The phenomenon of piracy has been becoming so widespread due to the economic benefits brought to the producers and sellers of those pirated products. On the other hand, it has been widely believed that piracy has caused a great loss to legitimate producers, investors and authors in many ways. To start with, pirated products often cost much less than the original ones, so they enjoy unbeatable advantage in price in spite of their relatively poor quality. The orginal ones, on the contrary, sell poorly. As far as pirated books are concerned, they do great harm to the authors reputation due to their misprints. In the long run, pirated products may also have negative impacts on customers since those legitimate producers enthusiasm may be greatly hurt by the fact that some customers are more inclined to purchase pirated products.,2018/4/14,13,In my opinion, its high time that the government called on everyone to start the battle against piracy. Besides, as customers, we should develop our consciousness to resist pirated products. And law should be strictly carried out to ban piracy from spreading any further. Only in this way can we put and end to piracy and create a healthy environment for both customers and producers.,2018/4/14,14,2005年1月RANGE-FINDERS (6QSH2) 定稿,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an open letter on behalf of the student union asking people to give help to a student who is seriously ill. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:对病人的简单介绍： 目前的病情和家庭情况目前的困难： 无法承担医疗费用，需要护理希望捐助：联系方式,2018/4/14,15,Your help neededDear friends,    Wang Fang is a third year graduate student in DA University. She is from a farmers family in a remote rural area of Southern China. She majors in English and used to be a healthy, normal and lively girl.    In November of last year, she had fever, cough, and some small bumps near the neck, and was taken to clinic twice. On the night of January 4th, 2005, her illness became serious, and was sent to emergency room in Beijing Hospital and later doctors diagnosed her illness as esophagus cancer. She has been told that her cancer is at the early stage and if she undergoes an operation, it is most likely that she could be cured. But the total expense for such an operation is RMB120, 000. Since her family can barely stay alive, how can they afford such a huge amount?,2018/4/14,16,Based on the above facts, the Student Union has decided to call for donation for Wang Fang, and please try our best to help this girl, help her to pass the most difficult period in life, and relief part of her financial burden. And most important, our kindly help can give her the support in the soul, and let her feel the warmth from our university. Please contact us directly at 6354721/6354722, or send us email at H for detailed information. Thanks for your participation! We believe our love and generosity will make a difference!                                                   Sincerely yours,                                                The Student Union,2018/4/14,17,2003年6月RANGE-FINDERS (6QSH2) 定稿,Ownership of Houses in a Big City in China14 pointsFrom 1990 to 2000, great changes have taken place on the ownership of houses in cities in China. While the number of state-owned houses decreased, that of private houses increased. In 1990, there were seventy-five percent state-owned houses and only twenty-five percent private houses. However, in 2000, the proportion of state-owned houses reduced to twenty percent and that of private houses increased to eighty percent.,2018/4/14,18,There are some reasons for the great changes. Firstly, I think the development of the economy is one reason. Thanks to the development of the economy, people earn more money than before. So they can set aside some money to buy houses. Secondly, the measures the government adopts have encouraged people to consume. Nowadays, people can buy new houses with the help of loans from banks. There may be some other reasons.These changes reflect the rising living standard of the people, which will, in turn, bring about changes in peoples consumption ideato consume on credit.,2018/4/14,19,11 pointsFrom the chart we can find some changes in the ownership of houses obviously. The proportion of private-owned houses is increasing from 25% in 1990 to 40% in 1995 and 80% in 2000. In contrast, the state-owned houses are becoming a smaller part of all houses.The changes in the ownership of houses reflect the changes of government policy indeed. The government used to provide houses for many people, and it has become a heavy burden. Since the living standard of common people is improving and a lot of people are able of afford to buy houses of their own according to their individual need, the government takes some measures to encourage people to buy houses.,2018/4/14,20,The changes reflected by the chart certainly have an influence on everyone and the whole society. We no longer rely on the government to build houses for us, instead we have to work hard to earn money. And to some extent its beneficial to the development of the economic. The government can also save some energy to do more other things for the public.,2018/4/14,21,8 pointsFirst let us see the changes. In 1990, 75 percent of the houses are state-owned, the other 25 percent houses are private. In 1995, the houses which are owned by the State reduced to 60 percent, and in 2000, this number reduced to 20 percent while the houses which are private reached to 80 percent.As we all know, our country is trying hard to make the house be owned by everyone. Before we take the change, anything belongs to our country, especially the house. In order to encourage citizens to own houses of themselves, the country construtured many houses for sale. The richer and richer people began to buy houses of themselves. So until now, the houses which are private is far more than which are stateowned.,2018/4/14,22,I think these changes are good. It can make people work more hard, and the county dont need to cost much for the peoples house problem. This can help the country to do more other useful things such as solve unemployment problems. And when the houses are private, people can be happier to live in because it belongs to himself.,2018/4/14,23,5 pointsFrom the chat, we know that state-owned houses are 75 percent of the ownership of houses in 1990, but in 2000, it is only 20 percent. And the private houses are increasing every year. What leads the result?As the economicy developing, the income of people are higher and higher. People have ability to buy houses. For another reason, the industry of houses are developing quickly. It surlys more and more houses. So the private houses are more and more.,2018/4/14,24,The increasing of private houses make people have much more room doing their own things. And the number of families is bigger than before. Though it makes the industry of houses develop quickly, but it has many disadvantages. For example, many forests and fields are insteaded by buildings. It makes many wild animals have no home . And the population is larger and larger. In another word, more private houses mean more population.,2018/4/14,25,2 points    From 1990 to 2000 China social had taken great changes in that 10 years. Changes in the Ownership of houses is included in those. Frist in 1990 in s big city in China 75 present of people houses Ownership was state-owned, just 25 present houses Ownership was private.In 1995, situation of houses Ownership changed. In same big city of China, houses Ownership which was state-owned was down 60 prensent, on other hands the rage which house owership was private was up to 40 prensent.,2018/4/14,26,At next five years, it changed great. Houses which was state-ownership down to just 20 present, on the other hands private ownership houses rage was up to 80 present.Why the owership of houses changed. First the state never have people houses as some4 of additional salary, if you want to a houses, you must to buy it, not wait state to give you. Second rison is people have been more and more rish. They have enough money to buy houses. Thirde, bank began to allow people lend menoy from bank to pay for houses. people can retun it in a long time. One time, people can just retun part of money.,2018/4/14,27,难 点 问 题 ：,1. 审题不清，导致全文走题。2. 思路不畅，时有停顿堵塞。3. 枝节论述过多，重点不突出。4. 论述不分层次，布局混乱。5. 受母语干扰，“中式”英语句子多。6. 句型单一、呆板，缺少修辞。7. 用词不当，语法错误多。8. 首尾不衔接，文章不完整。,2018/4/14,28,测 试 考 点 ：,1. 内容切题：需要认真审题，不要跑题。2. 信息达意：要求考生清楚表达相关信息的内     涵。3. 句式变化：灵活运用句型结构，句式变化较     多。4. 措辞正确：需要用词正确，文字连贯。5. 长度达标：文章应达到150字以上。,2018/4/14,29,IV写作技巧指导,理想的段落要求是什么?(What is a good paragraph?)1.主题句（Topic Sentence）2.统一（Unity）3.连贯（Coherence）4. 过渡（Transitions）5. 清晰 （Clarity)6. 完整性 (Completeness)7.多样化  ( Variety)8. 有效性 ( Effectiveness),2018/4/14,30,1）主题句（Topic Sentence）一个段落一般包含一个代表中心主题的中心句，即所谓的主题句。中心句或主题句一般置于短首，也可置于短中或段末以免单调。（A paragraph should contain a topic sentence to present the controlling idea. Normally the topic sentence is placed at the beginning of the paragraph - but its position may be varied to avoid monotony.）,2018/4/14,31,Example:People enjoy paintings for many different reasons. Some people might think that a painting is beautiful. They may like the colors that artists used, or the way that the subjects are arranged on the surface. A painting can also be interesting because of the way the artist expressed an emotion. Many people like paintings in which the artist painted things differently than the way they really appear.Does this paragraph have its topic sentence and controlling idea?Yes. The first sentence clearly announces the topic as “people enjoy paintings”; then the paragraph is developed from the controlling idea “for many different reasons”.,2018/4/14,32,2) 统一性（Unity）一个段落，正如一个句子一样，不须只讨论一个主题或一个主题的某个方面。所有的用于发展主题的事实，例证和原因都必须相关。（A paragraph, like a sentence, should discuss only one topic or one aspect of a topic. All facts, examples, and reasons used to develop the topic must be relevant.）,2018/4/14,33,Example:The real problem with pollution is people. It is people who throw millions of tons of wastes into rivers, lakes and seas every day, discharges poisonous gases into the air. It is also people who destroy the biological balance of nature. Ironically, it is the people themselves who must breathe, eat, and drink their own pollutants.Is this paragraph unified?Yes. The purpose of the paragraph is to explain that people should be responsible for the problem of pollution. All the sentences are related to this purpose.,2018/4/14,34,3) 连贯（Coherence）连贯是指段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落中的句子应该条理清晰，层次分明，衔接自然流畅。（A paragraph should contain a proper arrangement of sentences. Good arrangement of ideas implies logical thinking.）,2018/4/14,35,Example:In order to know what the weather will be, special people are hired to provide this information. These special people are called the weatherman. They work in a weather station every day. Some of them observe the weather;  others analyze weather information; and still others make forecast about the weather. It is known that their work can save thousands of lives and millions of dollars in property damage.Is this paragraph coherent?Yes. This paragraph reveals a planned coherence by moving from definition through weathermans work to the protection of property damage.,2018/4/14,36,4）过渡（Transitions）在一个段落里，如果要使所有的句子意思清楚并且逻辑顺序排列正确，一般要使用恰当的过渡。（A paragraph should make orderly, clear progress by the use of transitional devices. Usually, the more ideas of a paragraph contains, the more explicit and extensive transitions need to be.）,2018/4/14,37,Example:Men have traveled ever since they first appeared on the earth. But, at that time, the purpose of doing it was mainly to look for a better place to survive. As we know, people in the early past did not have agriculture. They had to keep moving from one place to another in search of different sources of food. In other words, they must travel to the spots where water, fruits or animals were available. In this sense, travelling was a way of human life in ancient times. Does this paragraph have its transitions?Yes. In this paragraph, the progression of ideas is clarified by the transitional word “but” “this”; and transitional phrases “as we know”, “in other words”.,2018/4/14,38,四种主要写作文体,1) 记叙文（Narration）2) 描写文（Description）3) 说明文（Exposition）4) 议论文（Argumentation）,2018/4/14,39,Four Text Types,1. Narration2. Description3. Exposition4. Argumentation,2018/4/14,40,Academic writing,Formal language-Objectivity-How to achieve objectivity,2018/4/14,41,2.How to develop a paragraph,DescriptionExamplificationIllustrationDefinitionClassificationCause and EffectComparison and Contrast,2018/4/14,42,DescriptionExample:One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. When I opened the window, the gentle sunlight rushed in with the sweet smell of flowers and the clean moisture of the fresh air. Almost at the same time, the echoing of the lovely birds singing came into my ears as if saying “What a nice day, my friend! Why not take a walk in the park and enjoy the beauty of the nature?” “Yes, good idea” I said to myself. “And I can read my English text book there.” A minute later, I was on my way to the park.,2018/4/14,43,ExemplificationExample:Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. In China, for example, there are many educational TV stations in large cities. The programs they offer range from college courses to cooking skills. Owing to these programs, thousands of Chinese can obtain a college degree outside universities. More and more housewives or “househusbands” could cook as well as professionals, which, in fact, makes our life more interesting and enjoyable.,2018/4/14,44,IllustrationExample:Books are our good friends. They always play an important role at different stages of our life. During our childhood, they introduced us a wonderful world filled with interesting stories. In our adolescence, they helped us gain knowledge and teach us how to distinguish between the good and evil. In our adulthood, they provide us with good opportunities to learn from each other and share different kind of feelings. They also give us the wisdom to tackle with various problems in our work and study and enable us to obtain entertainment in our leisure time.,2018/4/14,45,DefinitionExample:Generation gap is a term which means the “difference” between the old and young. In likes and dislikes, for example, most of the young people in the present China are fond of wearing fashionable jeans, listening to the pop music and dancing disco. On the contrary, few old people enjoy these things. In marriage and engagement, moreover, the young prefer to have their own right and freedom to choose their partners. The old, however, do not want their children to make their decis