胡壮麟语言学教程复习及答案

胡壮麟 语言学 复习及答案Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his language. 22.Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_. 26. Human capacity for language has a g _ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.29. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36.Saussure took a (n)_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. applied pragmatic D. semantic and linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _ , rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic) III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on “high “(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way. 65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussures distinction and Chomskys are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. A _ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22A _ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds. 24 Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 25English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. 26When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. 27S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 28The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s _ rules. 29The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. 30When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. 31P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity. 33 T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 35 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 37_ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 38 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _.A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair 40The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative 41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 44The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentence III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D IV. Define the terms below: 45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the