2016职称英语小抄资料

阅读判断 Across the Deserts阅读判断 A Dogs Dilemma阅读理解 American Get Touchy完形填空 A Powerful Influence阅读理解 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?阅读理解 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed阅读理解 Eat to Live补全短文 Einstein Named “Person of the Century”完形填空 Family History阅读理解 Finding Enlightenment in Scotland阅读理解 Going Her Own Way概括大意与完成句子 Heartbeat of America 完形填空 Helen and Martin概括大意与完成句子 Intelligence: a Changed View概括大意与完成句子 Is There a Way to Keep the Britains Economy Growing阅读理解 Life as a Movie Extra阅读判断 Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance补全短文 Men Smell of Cheese and Women of Onions阅读理解 Narrow Escape阅读理解 Native American Pottery阅读理解 New US Plan for Disease Prevention阅读理解 Older Volcanic Eruptions阅读理解 Pop Music in Africa阅读理解 Sauna完型填空 School Lunch概括大意与完成句子 Smoke Gets in Your Mind阅读判断 Stage Fright 1阅读判断 Starting a New Tradition 补全短文 Style, Not Fashion阅读理解 The Beginning of American Literature阅读判断 The National Trust完形填空 The Old Gate阅读理解 The Operation of International Airlines阅读理解 The Romance of Arthur补全短文 The Sandwich Generation补全短文 The value of motherhood补全短文 The Value of Tears阅读理解 To Have and Have Not补全短文 Virtual Driver 概括大意与完成句子 Ward off1 Travel Bugs阅读理解 Why So Many Children?阅读理解 Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer阅读判断 Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day its very hot, and at night its sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. Thats a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140F/60C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldnt see. One time they got lost. But they didnt quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.1. It s not always hot m the Sahara Desert. A. Right 2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours. B. Wrong 3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running. A. Right 4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot. A. Right 5. Sometimes they couldnt see the road because it was windy. A. Right 6. Luckily, they never got lost. B. Wrong 7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries. C. mentioned阅读判断 A Dogs DilemmaFinding a babysitterwhile you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience(. For the African wild dog, one of the continentsmost endangeredcarnivores, its a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protectingthe young.The African wild dog has declineddrasticallyover the past century. Habitualloss, persecutionand unexplainedoutbreaksof disease have all been blamed Only 3 000 to 5 000 animals remain, and the speciesis expectedto go extinctwithin decadesif the trendcontinues.Other large carnivoressuch as the spottedhyenaface similarpressures, yet are not declining. Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dogs weaknesslies in its social organization.Within each pack of up to 20 adultsand pups, only the dominantmale and female breed. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperatingto hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivoresBecause pups cant keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protectthem from predators, which include lions and hyenas . But leaving a babysitter also carries costs . A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. There is also one less stomach in which to carry food back to the den and one more mouth to feed when they get there.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs , either the hunting or the babysitting suffers , or the animals have to compensate by increasing the number of hunting excursions - which itself carries a cost to the pack.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle , says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. “Poor reproduction and low survival further reduces( pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack.“ And deaths caused by human activity , says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold . Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at Londons Institute of Zoology agrees Maintaining )the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species , he says.1 The African Wild dog hasbeen endangered A Right2 The spotted hyena is onthe verge of extinction Bwrong3 The remaining lions will die out within decades C， Not mentioned4 The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young Bwrong5 There is a tension between babysitting and hunting A. Right6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive. A. Right7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog. C. Not mentioned阅读理解 American Get TouchyThe New York Times recently reported that American teens are hugging practically everyone they see. Say goodbye to the greetings of the past, from the hands-off “Whats up!” to the handshake or high-five. For young people across the country, hugging is the new “Hello”.Girls are hugging girls. Boys are hugging boys, Girls and boys are hugging each other. And, like every major trend, there are lots of variations on the form. Theres the classic, full-body, arms-around-the-person bear hug, the casual one-armed side hug, the group hug and the hug from behind, Theres the handshake that turns into a hug that turns into a pat on the back.As trends go, this one seems pretty innocent. But some parents, teachers and school administrators and worried nonetheless. Will young people who arent as comfortable with physical contact feel peer pressured into hugging? Will kids who dont receive hugs feel left out? Could an extra-long hug slide into the more ominous territory of sexual harassment?In response to some of these concerns, some schools have set up new rules to limit or eliminate hugging. One school head has created a three-second limitation for hugs at her school. A few schools have taken even more drastic measures, placing a ban on all forms of touching between students.A few important points are being left out of the discussion. While the US has traditionally been reserved about touching-saving hugs and kisses for relatives, romantic partners and very close friends-people in many other parts of the world have been greeting each other this way for ages.In Latin American or Western Europe, in countries like Spain, France, and Italy, a kiss on the cheek is common among women, as well aw among women and men who are not romantically involves. The cheek-kiss varies by region. Sometimes it is just an air kiss blown past the face. In other places, the proper way of greeting is to deliver a kiss upon both cheeks, or sometimes even a triplet of kisses performed by kissing one cheek, then the other, then back to the first.Latin American men are more likely to shake hands when greeting other men, but in some countries like Turkey, its not unusual for men who know each other well to exchange kisses on the cheek, Meanwhile, for the Maori people of New Zealand, a traditional greeting called the “hongi” involves pressing noses together.So, from a global perspective, the new trend of teen hugging in American is not so “new” after all. People all around the world move in close to say hello, and Americans are just now joining in.1. The word “practically” in the first paragraph could be best replaces by _. B. nearly2. Which of the following is NOT among the typical ways of greeting in the past? D. embrace3. Some parents, teachers ()EXCEPT: D. Diseases could be transmitted ()contact.4. Which of the ()according to the passage? D. In some countries, ()on the cheek.5. We can infer that the author holds a _ attitude()of hugging. A. positive 完形填空 A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly (1) _ doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are (2) _ to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (3) _ to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (4) _ their computers?Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, (5) _in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (6) _ of the Internet, and the child should give his or her (7) _ that it wont interfere with homework. If the child is not (8) _to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) _ dealing with a childs use of the Internet is not much different from (10) _ any other soft of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is (11) _ alarmed about a childs behaviour should make an appointment to (12)_ the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not (13) _ affect a childs performance at school. Even if a child is (14) _ crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just (15) _through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!1. A) always B) rarely C) never D) ever2. A) worried B) concerned C) curious D) hopeful3. A) harming B) harmful C) hurting D) hurtful4. A) staring at B) glancing at C) looking D) watching5. A) supposed B) occupied C) interested D) absorbed6. A) do B) have C) make D) create7. A) word B) promise C) vow D) claim8. A) holding B) sticking C) following D) accepting9. A) rules B) procedures C) regulation D) steps10. A) dealing B) negotiating C) having D) arranging11. A) widely B) heavily C) seriously D) broadly12. A) speak B) discuss C) talk D) debate13. A) possibly B) necessarily C) probably D) consequently14. A) absolutely B) more C) quite D) a lot15. A) going B) passing C) travelling D) walking 答案：DCBAD CAADB CBBAA阅读理解 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?In the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying hard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable: Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflicted by terrorists? Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers, structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER. headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero as part of a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit, they spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and to search for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged, but still are standing. “Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center, those buildings that are still standing, but that sustained damage,” said M. Bruneau, Ph. D. “Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing, while our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies to achieve enhanced performance of buildings in the event of terrorist attacks,” he added. Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage inflicted on the World Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. One building a block away from the towers remains standing, but was badly damaged. “This building is many meters away from the World Trade Center and yet we see a column there that used to be part of that building,” explained A. Whittaker, Ph. D. “The column became a missile that shot across the road, through the window and through the floor.” The visit to the area also revealed some surprises, according to the engineers. For example, the floor framing system in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged, allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debris to remain intact. “Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance,” he added. Other strategies may include providing alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. “We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse,” said A. Whittaker. “We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it. ”A. Reinhorn, Ph. D. noted that “Earthquake shaking has led to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist-resistant design. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present. ”1The question raised in the first paragraph is one C. that was never difficult ()attack. 2. The project funded by the National Science Foundation D. was to ()survive the blasts. 3. The column mentioned by Dr. Whittaker. A. was part of the building () Trade Center. 4. A surprising discovery made by() zero is that B. some floor (0 resistance to explosion. 5. What Dr. Reinhorn said in (.)EXCEPT that D. blast engineering ()branch of science. 阅读理解 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed Judith S. Weis, a biology professor who serves as president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS. is leading a nationwide effort to “defend” the theory of evolution. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference from school boards and government entities. The Institute believes that the teaching of evolution in America is being diminished by the teaching of creationism as well as by an overall lack of teaching Darwins theory in high school. “Theres nothing that requires schools to teach evolution. Sometimes teachers in high schools just leave it out. However from the point of view of biologists, evolution is the central theory of biology upon which everything is based,” said Weis. “Unfortunately, teaching evolution has become a political issue in many parts of the country and AIBS, as a representative of biologists, wanted to be a major force speaking out in favor of its teaching.” Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address the political and legislative threats to teaching evolution. In states challenging its teaching, the institute responds by sending letters to school boards and state legislatures, by providing testimony at public meetings and by notifying members and affiliated organizations. AIBS, with more than 80 member societies and 250,000 members, has established an email system enabling scientists and teachers in each state, and member societies, to keep each other informed about threats to the teaching of evolution. Darwins theory of evolution holds that living things change and adapt to their environment and that present-day species (including human beings. are descended from earlier species through modification by natural selection. The theory has been accepted by scientists for nearly 100 years, Weis said, and has been refined, extended and strengthened over the years by findings in paleontology and developmental biology. Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomicsall of which provide significant benefits for human healthwould not be possible without the underlying knowledge of evolution. And, Weis adds, “modern molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolution works.” Nonetheless, evolution remains a politically, if not scientifically, controversial issue. Weis said that this year alone, seven states have had either local or statewide efforts to water down the teaching of evolution, or “balance” it with the teaching of creationisma