高考英语阅读分类复习：科普类

高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 1 -新课标高考英语阅读分类复习：科普类第 1 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（全国）) BMany animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose your food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense.Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type. The giant panda（大熊猫） eats only one particular type of bamboo（竹子）. Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly（蝴蝶）will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have a more varied diet（多样化饮食）. The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season. Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life. 60. We can infer from the text that humans and animals _.A. depend on one sense in choosing food B. are not satisfied with their food C. choose food in similar ways D. eat entirely different food61. Which of the following eats only one type of food?A. The white butterfly. B. The small bird. C. The bear. D. The fox. 62. Certain animals change their choice of food when _.A. the season changes B. the food color changesC. they move to different places D. they are attracted by different smells63. We can learn from the last paragraph that _. A. food is chosen for a good reason B. French and British food is goodC. some people have few choices of food D. some people care little about healthy diet 答案 60. C解析:这是一道推理题。根据第一段可知,人用气味和味道来选择食物,动物用一种或多种感觉选择食物, 从这点上人和其他动物是类似的。61. A解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“A kind of white butterfly will stay on the leaves of a cabbage,even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden.”可以推断出这种白蝴蝶只吃卷心菜。62. A高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 2 -解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season.”可以推断出这些动物的食物随着季节而变化。63. D解析:这是一道推断题。根据最后一段“We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us.”可知我们经常选择食物是因为喜欢而不是对身体有益,由此推断出有些人会选择不健康的食物。 第 2 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（北京卷）)BThe Book of LifeSo far, scientists have named about 1.8 million living species（物种）, and thats just a small number of what probably exists on Earth. With so many plants, animals, and other living things coveting the planet, it can be tough to figure out what type of grass is growing by the roadside or what kind of bird just flew by.A soon-to-be-started Web site might help. An international team of researchers has announced the creation of Web-based Encyclopedia （百科全书）of Life（EoL）. The project aims to list every species on Earth in a single, easy-to-use reference guide.To get the encyclopedia started, the creators will use information from scientific databases （数据库） that already exist. And eventually, in special sections of the site, non-scientists with specialized knowledge will come to help. Bird-watchers, for example, will be able to input what birds theyve seen and where. To make sure the encyclopedia is accurate, scientists will review much of the information added to it. As the EoL develops, you might find it useful for school projects. The site will feature （以为特色）special pages for kids who are studying ecosystems in their neighborhoods. Another convenient feature of the EoL is that youll be able to pick the level of detail you want to see to match your interests, age, and knowledge.It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species. The creators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed up that Process.60. The Web-based EoL aims to_ .A. find out what covers the earth B. list all living things on EarthC. work out the number of birds D. save the existing plants61. One characteristic of the EoL is that_ .A. it is run by school students B. it focuses on different types of grassC. it provides different levels of information D. it allows non-scientists to review its data62. In the last paragraph, “that process“ means_ .A. analyzing species B. creating a new tool C. collecting data D. describing species答案 60. B解析:这是一道细节推断题。根据第二段最后一句“The project aims to list every species on Earth in a single,easy-to-use reference guide.”可知网上百科全书的目标建立一个简单易用的指引来列出地球上的所有物种。61. C高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 3 -解析:这是一道推理题。根据第四段“Another convenient feature of the EoL is that youll be able to pick the level of detail you want to see to match your interests,age,and knowledge.”你可以找到适合自己的兴趣、年龄和知识水平的信息,也就是说 EoL 有多层次信息适用于不同年龄段和兴趣以及知识水平的受众。62. C解析:这是一道词义推断题。根据最后一段,“that process”就是指前一句中提到的工作,前一句是“It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species.”科学家花费了很多年来搜集用来分析和描述物种的数据,所以“that process”指的是搜集数据。干扰项是A 和 D,分析和描述物种都是数据的用途而非在进行的工作。 第 3 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（天津卷）)DIn meditation(冥想)，people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath . As they breathe in and out , they attend to their feelings . As thoughts go through their minds. they let them go. Breathe . Let go . Breathe . Let go According to a recent study at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts. Three months of training in this kind of meditation causes a market change in how the brain allocates(分配) attention. It appears that the ability to let go thoughts that come into mind frees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in the outside world. Expert mediators are better than other people at catching such fast-changing stimuli( 刺激), like facial expressions. The study provides evidence for changes in the workings of the brain with mental training. People can learn and improve abilities of all sorts with practice. everything from driving to playing the piano. The study has shown that meditation is good for the brain, It appears to reduce pressure and promote a sense of well-being. In an experiment , 17 volunteers with no meditation experience in the experimental group spent three months meditating 10 to 12 hours a day . A control group also with no meditation experience meditated for 20 minutes a day over the same period . Both groups were then given the tests with two numbers in a group of letters. As both group looked for the numbers , their brain activity was recorded. Everyone could catch the first number. But the brain recordings showed that the less experienced mediators tended to grasp the first number and hang onto it, so they missed the second number . Those with more experience gave less attention to the first number . as if letting it go , which led to an increased ability to grasp the second number , This shows that attention can change with practice. Just ask Daniel Levision , who meditated for three months as part of the study . ”I am a much better listener, ” he said. “ I do not get lost in my own personal reaction to what people are saying. ”48. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 1 refers to A. feelings B. minds C. people D. thoughts49. Meditations manage their daily tasks better because they A. are given less pressure B. allocate their attention better C. have more stimuli for life D. practice them more frequently50. In the experiment, volunteers doing meditation for longer hours A. were more likely to catch both of the members B. were used to memorizing numbers in groups高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 4 -C. usually ignored the first number observedD. paid more attention to numbers than to letters51. The study proves that A. meditation improves ones health B. brain activity can be recordedC. human attention can be trained D. mediators have a good sense of hearing答案 48. D解析:这是一道指代题。根据第一段“As thoughts go though their minds,they let them go.”当想法进入意识,冥想者忽略它们，可知忽略的是“thoughts”。49. B解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“three months of training in this kind of meditation cause a marked change in how the brain allocates attention. ”可以推断出冥想者更好管理日常任务是因为大脑可以更好地安排调节注意力。50. A解析:这是一道推断题。根据倒数第二段“Those with more experience gave less attention to the first number,as if letting it go which let to an increased ability to grasp the second number.”可以推断出冥想训练多的人群虽然不对第一个数字关注那么多,但是抓住第二个数字的能力增强了,也就是说这些人更能同时记住两个数字。51. C解析:这是一道归纳题。本文主要介绍冥想训练对大脑安排注意力的好处,证明了人的注意力是可以训练的。 第 5 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（天津卷）)EWhen we think of leadership, we often think of strength and power. But what are these really, and how do they operate?Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things, If this is even possible. it is short-term , and tends to backfire. If you order someone to do something against their will. they may do it because they feel they must , but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term , They will also experience fear. Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making the person unable to function at his or her best . If they associate you with this emotion of fear. They will become less functional around you , and you will have succeeded in not only shooting yourself in the foot . but possibly making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively . Fear has no place in leadership. The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character, and our understanding and use of emotion. We can order someone to do something , which may be part of the work day; or we can employ them at the emotional level , so they became fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation(积极性)。Todays work place is all about relationships as a human being as well as a worker. Everyone produces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the way things work. They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor (因素) in the work life of most people. 高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 5 -The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence-knowing your own emotions, and how to handle them, and those of others . Developing your emotional intelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop your relationships with people around you, which is the key to the leadership skills . 52. An employee may have a feeling of fear in the work place when_. A. he is forced to do things B. be cannot work at his best C. . he feels his brain shut down D. he thinks of his work as too heavy 53. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. People tend to associate leadership with fear B. Working conditions affect peoples physical healthC. Good relationship is the key to business successD. Smart people are more functional in the work place. 54. To positively influence employees a leader should first of all _A. provide better suggestions B. develop his own personalityC. five his employees a pay raise D. hide his own emotion of fear 55.Good leadership is mainly seen in a leaders ability to_A . provide a variety of project for employees B. help raise employees living standardsC. give employees specific instructions D. deal wisely with employees emotions答案 52. A解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“If you order someone to do something against their will,they may do it because they feel they mustThey will also experience fear.”所以恐惧来自于违反意愿而被强制做某事。53. C解析:这是一道判断正误题。根据最后一段“The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence.”可以判断出好的上下级关系是工作成功的保障。54. B解析:这是一道推断题。根据第四段“or we can employ them at the emotional level,so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation.”和第五段“Anyone works harder in a positive environment in which theyre recognized and valued as a human being as well as a worker.”可以推断出应该让被雇佣者发挥自己的能动性和个性,才能更好完成工作。55. D解析:这是一道推断题。根据最后一段“The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligenceknowing your own emotions,and how to handle them,and those of others.”可以判断出这里面“others” 就是指被雇佣者, 所以好的领导者可以更好地处理被雇佣者的情绪。 第 6 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（辽宁卷）)AWhat will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology(生物技术). With the help 高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 6 -of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war. Todays leading killers, such as heart diseases, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memory.In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death. Cells(细胞) are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs(器官). The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on-in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic conditional human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.56. According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by _.A. diseases and aging B. accidents and warC. accidents and aging D. heart diseases and war57.In the authors opinon, todays most important advance in technology lies in _.A. medicine B. the internet C. brain cells D. human organs58. Humans may live longer in the future because _.A. heart disease will be far away from us B. human brains can decide the final deathC. the basic materials of cells will last forever D. human organs can be repaired by new medicine59. We can learn from the passage that _.A. human life will not last more than 120 years in the futureB. human have to take medicine to build new skin cells nowC. much needs to be done before humans can have a longer lifeD. we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells.答案 56. A解析:这是一道细节题。根据第一段“Todays leading killers,such as heart disease,cancer,and aging itself,will become distant memories.”可知导致人类死亡的主要原因是疾病和衰老。57. A解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times.”可以推断出医药的改变是我们这个时代发展最大的技术。58. D解析:这是一道推断题。根据第二段“But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine.medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so,people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs.”可知医药将能够修复人的器官使人活得更长。59. C高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 7 -解析:这是一道推断题。根据最后一段“but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.”可知还有很多技术问题需要解决 ,才能实现( 延长人类生命的目的)。 第 7 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（江苏卷）) D ThinkingSome scientists claim that we humans are the only living things that are conscious(有意识的)-we alone are aware that we are thinking.No one knows how consciousness works it is one of sciences last great mysteries.All your thoughts take place in the cerebrum(大脑皮质),which is at the top of your brain, and different kinds of thought are linked to different areas, areas, called association areas.Each half of the cerebrum has four rounded ends called lobes(脑叶)-two at the front (frontal and temporal lobes)and two at the back (occipital and parietal lobes).The frontal lobe is linked to your personality and it is where you have your bright ideas.The temporal lobe is where you hear and understand what people say to you.The occipital lobe is where you work out what your eyes see.The parietal lobe is where you record touch, heat and cold, and pain.The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half controls the left side.One half of the brain is always dominant (in charge).Usually, the left brain is dominant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed.68.Which part of your cerebrum is most active when you are making a telephone call?A. The frontal lobe. B. The temporal lobe. C. The occipital lobe. D. The parietal lobe.69.Which of the following statements is true?A. Ones personality has something to do with the frontal lobe.B. Bright ideas come from the parietal lobe.C. The occipital and temperal lobes are at the back of the cerebrum.D. The occipital lobe is in charge of sound.70.From the passage, we know the reason why around 10% of people are left-handed is that _.A.their frontal lobe is usually dominant B.their temporal lobe is usually dominantC.their right brain is usually dominant D.their left brain is usually dominant答案 68. B解析:这是一道细节题。根据短文中的“The temporal lobe is where you hear and understand what people say to you.”可判断出当你打电话时 temporal lobe 最活跃,因为它是听见和理解人们对你说什么的部位。69. A解析:这是一道正误判断题。根据短文中的“The frontal lobe is linked to your personality and it is where you have your bright ideas.”可判断出选项 A 是正确的。70.:C高考-分类阅读-2 科普类选取日期 - 8 -解析:这是一道细节题。根据短文中的“Usually,the left brain is dominant,which is why 90% of people are right-handed.”可判断出一个人是左撇子的原因是他的右脑处于支配地位。 第 8 题(年普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（福建