初中化学知识点总结最全版.doc

123(:)4(:)56,7()8(1)a.;b.;a.;b.;a.;b.(2)a.K Cu Ag ;b.C S P c.()He ()Ne ()Ar2O2O2()N2() H2()F2()Cl2()Br2()O3(3)MgO()NaCl()KMnO4()K2MnO4()MgSO4()CaCO3()(4)a.;b.;c.61-20()2n2(n)8(2) < 4 ≥ 4 8(He2)7; 8PH(1)PH=7;PH<7;PH>7(2)PH0;PH14;PH79()(1)(2);C Hg (3)CaO (4)()CO2 (5)HCl (6)H2SO3 (7)H2S (8)Ca(OH)2 (9)NaOH (10)Na2CO3 Na2CO3•10H2O (11)NaHCO3 () (12)CuSO4•5H2O (13)Cu2(OH)2CO3() (14)CH3OH (15)C2H5OH (16)(16.6)CH3COOH(CH3COO- ) (17)NH3 () (18)NH3•H2O() (19)NaNO2 ()1MgOP2O5CaO NaOHCa(OH)2KClO3KClNa2CO3NaClCuSO4;()2CuOMnO2Fe3O4KMnO43CuFe2O3 HgO Cu2(OH)2CO34Cu2+;Fe2+;Fe3+()5()↓CaCO3BaCO3() AgClBaSO4(HNO3) ↓Cu(OH)2 ↓Fe(OH)3↓6(1)NH3SO2HCl()(2)O2H2N2CO2CH4CO()7CO CH3OH NaNO2 CuSO4( ,)1ClAgCl;SO42- BaSO4 CO32- K2CO3Na2CO3(NH4)2CO32Fe(OH)3Cu(OH)2(Fe(OH)2)AgClBaSO4 Mg(OH)2 CaCO3 BaCO3 Ag2 CO3 3(+→)(+→)1 23 45 67 CH489101112131415;16;17( );18;19N2O2 1 2 MnO2CuOFe3O4CFeS()CuSO4•5H2OCu(OH)2CuCO3Cu2+ O2()Cu()Fe2O3()()(S)Fe3+ ()FeSO4•7H2OFe2+ ()Cu2(OH)2CO3N2CO2COO2H2CH4Cl2()NO2()NH3(pH)SO2H2S3 BaSO4AgCl() Cu(OH)2CuCO3 Fe(OH)3Fe(OH)2Fe(OH)3(CO2)4 CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O(H2CO3 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2H2O)SO2 + 2KOH = K2SO3 + H2OH2SO3 + 2KOH = K2SO3 + 2H2OSO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + H2OH2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O ()CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 SO2 + H2O = H2SO3SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 N205 + H2O = 2HNO3(pH)5 CuO + 2HCl = CuCl2 + H2OCu(OH)2 + 2HCl = CuCl2 + 2H2OCaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2OCa(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O()K2O + H2O = 2KOH Na2O +H2O = 2NaOHBaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2 CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2Mg(OH)2 = MgO + H2O Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O () CaCl2CuSO4(→) CO2(CO2)NaOHKOH HClAgNO3(HCl)NaOHKOH()(H2COCH4)COH2CuOFe2O3(COSO2NO2);CO;SO2NO2()NaHCO3; 3 - 5% NaHCO3;()1O2(H2O)2H2(H2O)(HCl)()3CO2(H2O)(HCl)CaCl2(NaOHCaO)CuSO4(→)HClAgNO3(HCl)NaOH()KOH()HCl()1CO(CO2)CuOCuOCuO2H2()CuOCuOCuSO4CuOCuSO43CO2()1 2CO2 ()CO2 CO2()()() = w 100%()()= w 100%()= w 100%()= w 100%= w ()12123456(1)(2)(3)7(1)FeO(2)Fe2O3(3) Fe3O48(1);(2);(3)9(1);(2);(3);101112(1)(Fe2O3);(2)(Fe3O4);(3)(FeCO3)131415(1)(2); (;)1617(1);(2);(3)12(Hg)(Br2)3(NH4+OH-);(Cl- )4()5(H)6() 78898(2)10()()11(1);()(2)()(3)(4)SC1314;()1516NH4NO3 (N-3N+5)17NH4+18H+NH4+19();();(NH4NO3NH3•H2O);(HMnO4 )20Na2CO321(PH7)NaHCO3(NaHSO4 =Na+H+ +SO42-)22 H2SO4NaHSO4 NaHSO4(H+)23NaOHNa2CO3NaHCO3Na2CO3NaHCO3OH-)24(Mn2O7HMnO4);K2ONa2OBaOCaO25(Mn2O7)(H2OCONO)CO2 SO2 SO3 P2O5 SiO2 (SiO2) 2627CO;28()+2()293031(KCaNa);NaCuSO42Na+2H2O =2NaOH+H2 ↑2NaOH+CuSO4 =Cu(OH)2 ↓+Na2SO4 19()2KClO3 MnO2 2KCl + 3O2 ↑202KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2↑212H2O2 MnO2 2H2O+ O2↑222HgO 2Hg + O2↑23CaCO3 CaO+CO2↑()24H2CO3 = H2O + CO2↑25CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O3 (1) (2)A+BC=AC+BZn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑Fe+H2SO4 =FeSO4+H2↑Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑2Al+3CuSO4=Al2(SO4)3+3Cu CuSO4+Zn=ZnSO4+Cu(1) + - + ()26Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2↑27Mg + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H2↑282Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2↑29Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2↑30Mg+ 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2↑312Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑26-3132Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑33Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2↑32-33(2) + () - + 36Fe+CuSO4=Cu+FeSO4()40CuSO4+Zn=ZnSO4+Cu412AgNO3+Cu=Cu(NO3)2+2Ag(3)+→+383C+ 2Fe2O3 4Fe + 3CO2↑39C+ 2CuO 2Cu + CO2↑25H2 + CuO Cu + H2O34Mg+CuO Cu+MgO35Fe2O3+3H2 2Fe+3H2O37H2O + C H2 + CO4(1)()(2)AB+CD=AD+CB(3)Ca(OH)2+2HCl=CaCl2+2H2O NaOH+H