英语新增题型全突破.doc

05年英语新增题型全突破第一章阅读理解新题型制胜方略一、大纲要求根据2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲修订部分的要求，试卷第二部分是阅读理解新增B节，为一篇阅读文章 (500-600词)，测试文章结构，共10分，该节共5题，主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。二、出题形式以及特点阅读理解新增题型的考查点在于：考查考生理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构和写作思路的理解和掌握。本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有67段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这67段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5个选择答案。这一新题型的增设，加大了阅读量，因为传统阅读理解中的文章长度一般为400字左右，而新题型中虽然只有一篇文章，但其总字数可达到500600词，这无疑增加了阅读的总量，并对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。另外，此题中可供选择的文字有67段，也使问题答案和原文空缺处产生了差额选择，加大了选出正确答案的干扰性和难度。不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。 1出题位置 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺1句或1个以上的句子) 段落(一般是一段)该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。2 出题数量非等额选项（题目5道，6-7个选项）3 测试重点考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节；而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择。三、文章的结构1描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)2释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)3比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)4原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)5驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤1阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征2阅读选择项，寻找特征词特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等3回头再去看原文，明确15位置开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧1就近原则寻找信息线索2选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。3选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。4绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心5警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案6选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项7总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文8完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词并列和递进关系标志词：and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性转折或让步的对立关系标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯例证关系标志词 ：for example, for instance.for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify出题模式：a. 总结说明例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证)总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result定义关系有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c：名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)。下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather9放在段首的句子的特点当选项或某段段首会含有betweenand ,eitheror, not onlybut also；复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索；会有标点符号：或；10放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词：因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence 总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word转折性连词：but, nevertheless六 完形填句（段）通用的解题方法1 主旨解题法2 同现关系3 复现关系4 逻辑关系与解题法5 数单词个数解题法 第二章完形填句（段）题型示范及练习(20篇)大纲样题Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now . 41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.42)_Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.44)_Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .45)_ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.BNevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .FWhen an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物逐一加以介绍。文章部分总字数为342字，而备选答案总字数为327词，即所有的给出信息总阅读量高达669词。相当于传统阅读题型的一篇半或将近两篇文章的阅读量，从此可以看出，新题型要求我们要有较好的阅读方法和一定的阅读理解能力。英语中的阅读方法有许多种，包括：意群式阅读、研究式阅读、浏览式阅读、查阅式阅读和跳跃式阅读等等。在做阅读新题型的阅读理解和寻找相关的答案时，应该综合利用各种阅读方法。开始阅读时，我们应该先采用浏览式阅读对全文主旨和要点句子进行一下了解，而不能拿到文章就采取意群式阅读从头读到尾，边读边做题，这样会有抓不住文章总体结构、失于片面，从而影响对正确答案的确定。本文第一段第一句指出：在人类出现很早以前，地球上就出现了鱼类、爬虫类、鸟类和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些动物中有一些是现今活着的各种动物的祖先，但是另一些动物现在已经灭绝了，即他们现在已经没有活着的后代了。而第二段首句指出：偶尔我们可以根据石头里所表现出来的印记合理地推断出几百万年前灭绝了的某种动物的准确图形，尽管不能确定其颜色。第三段中已知信息是：几乎我们所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石头中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水边的动物。因此，肯定存在过许多我们一无所知的哺乳动物、鸟类和昆虫类。第四段中提供的信息是：还有像螃蟹一样的动物，其身体覆盖着一层角质层物质。接下来此段详细介绍了这类动物的外貌特征。第五段缺少段首句，但是在本段的已知信息第二句中有比较明显的提示线索：在这些动物中，鹦鹉螺化石非常有趣而又很重要。它们身体上有个由许多腔室构成的硬壳，每个腔室都代表着这个动物的临时住所。文章最后一段指出，大约七千五百万年前，爬行动物时代结束了，其中大部分物种都灭绝了。而哺乳动物迅速发展起来，我们可以追寻出许多大家熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。后来的许多哺乳动物，虽然现在已经灭绝了，还是被原始的人类所了解，并被画在了壁画中或被雕刻在了骨头上。通过这样浏览全文要点信息，我们知道本文介绍了如何通过化石了解动物的进化过程。因此，在做题找答案时，我们可以根据上下文内容线索和写作结构线索，判断每个问题的正确选项。41文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个选项中有ABEG四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。42本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用与上下文相符合。43本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures ,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。44本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。 45从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。所以，本文的正确答案如下：41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C由此可见，在处理阅读新题型时，最重要的是要抓住文章主题，了解文章写作结构，要对文章的每一节、每一段给予足够的关注，清楚地掌握文章发展的脉络、层次以及句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系，注重文章各个段落和句子之间在内容上的衔接和连贯关系，然后再做题找答案，这样会准确率相对来说高一些。Text 1Directions In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The patriotic outpouring that followed the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks80 percent of Americans displayed the flag on their car, house, or lapelbrought hopes of renewed voter interest. Yet turnout in this years congressional primaries was a mere 17 percent, no better than four years ago and only half that of three decades ago. Turnout in Tuesdays election is expected to be less than 40 percent, significantly below what it once was. 41) _. But its time to stop blaming the citizens. Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve. Americas politicians have also managed to invent the most unappetizing campaigns imaginable. If equivalent offerings were served at restaurants, Americans would never eat out. Attack ads have doubled in frequency since the 1770s and now account for a majority of the ads featured prominently in campaigns. Many of the attacks are so twisted that even a whiff of fresh air would topple them.42) _. And where are the news media? Theyre so enamored of infotainment and sensationalism that they cant find time for the midterm elections.In the 1998 midterms, coverage was down by more than half over 1994. And its falling againa comparison of news coverage in 10 states shows the midterm election is getting 13 percent less coverage this year than in 1998. When Journalists deign to cover elections, they magnify the very things they rail against. Candidates are ignored or portrayed as boring if they run issue-based campaigns. Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor. 43) _ _.Its not surprising voters are disenchanted with campaigns. During the 2000 election, as part of the Vanishing Voter Project at Harvard Universitys Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why theyre disengaging from elections. 44) _. Officials unfailingly urge citizens“to do your duty and vote.” Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that. 45) _. So look for a small turnout Tuesday, but dont ask citizens to look in the mirror. Some or them have cast their eye on whats going on in candidateland medialand and are asking why they should be bit players in that artifice. AElectoral competition is key to democracy, and Americas voters arent getting the full benefit of that. Only a couple of dozen of this years 435 US House races are competitive. Two years ago, 98.5 percent of incumbents won, typically by margins of 70 percent or more.B True leadership has become so rare that politicians may no longer even dream of stepping forward to say something other than what polls tell them is safe. Tuesdays election will surely pass without much of a debate on the momentous foreign and domestic issues facing the nation.C Amid the uproar over Floridas ballot irregularities, no commentator has seen fit to ask why polls there close at 7 p.m. Florida is one of 26 states that close their polls before 8 p.m. Unsurprisingly, turnout in these states is several percentage points below that of states where polls are open until 8 p.m. or later. D As for trivial issues, why did candidate Bushs 1970s drunkdriving arrest get more time on the network newscasts in the final days of the 2000 election than Gores foreign policy statements got in the entire general election?E No doubt, ordinarily Americans share responsibility for their lapse in participation; it is always easier to leave the work of democracy to others.F Today, 87 percent of Americans reside in states that close registration two weeks or more before the election. The majority of unregistered Americans who otherwise would cast a vote are out of luck. Only six states allow electionday registration.G Their responses tell the story: 81 percent believe “most political candidates will say almost anything to get themselves elected”; 75 percent feel “political candidates are more concerned with fighting each other than with solving the nations problems.”【总体分析】本篇介绍的是美国人对选举的兴趣日渐减少，并分析了相关的几个原因。第一段揭示事情本身，后几段分析原因。就本篇而言，对文章前后结构层次的把握非常重要。【详细解答】41E本题考察段落内部的逻辑联系，空格的下文说“But its time to stop blaming the citizens.”，可见上文必然说到有人指责普通公民们不热衷于美国的政治选举。故答案为E。 42B本题考察考生对文章的总体结构的把握能力。既然第二段末句说“Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve”，而且第三段又说到了officials，下文又将说到journalists，可以断定，本段应说“candidates”，即“leadership”,故B项为答案。 43D本题考察段落内部的逻辑理解，注意相应的词汇表达。既然空格前讲的是journalists对政治家的正面言论不感兴趣，弃置编辑室地板，而攻击性的言论却被直播(Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor)，那么可以推论，D项是最符合逻辑的展开内容，用词也密切相关（ get more time on the network newscasts）。 44G本题涉及段落内部逻辑的把握。既然上文说“we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why theyre disengaging from elections.”，那么答案为G，也就很符合逻辑了。 45F本题同样涉及段内逻辑，既然上文说“Officials unfailingly urge citizens to do your duty and vote. Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that”（官员们催使公民行驶职责，参加选举，但另一方面又制定政策，使公民们很难参加投票选举），那么符合逻辑的答案必定是F项了。Text 2Directions In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The place is a lovely meadow surrounded by deep woods on a hilltop overlooking a beautiful lake in the Catskill Mountains 120 miles from New York. It is quarter past eight in the morning, and you are about to commute to your office in the city. Yet there is no paved highway nearer than fifteen miles, and it is fifty to a railroad station.41) _. The aircraft, looking oddly like a horizontal electric fan, drones toward you. When the pilot is directly overhead, all forward movement of the machine ceases and it descends vertically until the cabin door is within a foot of the ground.On the machines gray side is painted Helicopter Express to New York. The door opens and you step inside.Fifty minutes later the helicopter bus hovers over a midtown New York building, descends slowly to alight on a roof space some sixty yards square. You go into the building, take the elevator to the street below, and walk half a block to your office. Not quite an hour has elapsed since you drank your morning coffee in your home.42) _.In the air age of tomorrow, the manufacture, sale, and upkeep of the directlift machine will become a billiondollar industry just as the automobile industry. There will be many startling changes in our way oflife.43) _. A cheap, swift helicopter bus service will ferry these people to and from their work. Suburbs will include ten thousand or more square miles. Real estate values will come within the reach of average incomes, and the people will literally return to the good earth.44) _. But the short haul of less than 1000 miles is equally the task of the helicopter