2016电大开放英语(3)形成性考核册答案小抄.doc

电大开放英语(3)形成性考核册答案小抄 学前记录卡1(units 16)学习过程：1、辅导订前完成的学习内容：a、做教材中大部分练习 b、熟悉生词和词组c、将不懂的地方记录下来 d、其他2、辅导课上的学习任务：a、听辅导教师讲授 b、积极参与各项课堂教学话动 c、解决疑难问题 d、其他3、辅导课后的学习内容：a、完成剩余的练习 b、复习主要语言点c、自己找一些练习题进一步巩固所学内容 d、其他4、希望辅导教师提供的帮助是：a、答疑解惑 b、系统归纳和讲解c、有针对性地讲解重点、难点 d、其他学习内容：1、units 16 中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、used to do sth、一般过去时被动词态、定语从句、过去完成时、形容词和介词的搭配2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是：如何谈论过去、如何谈论将来、如何描述趋势、always/forever/to keep doing用于描述行为、描述习惯、描述关系3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：an english mans home is his castle.阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写）作业1一、交际用语15 d a c b b二、词汇与结构610 d b d a b 1115 c d b a b 1620 a a b a b 三、完型填空2125 c b c d c 2630 b c c d a 四、阅读理解3135 a c d a c 3640 a c d c d4145 d b a d c 1650 f t t n f五、书面表达dear sirs,my name is born on july 6th,1965 in changchun ,jilin province ,china ,i am a journalist .and have already eleven .years of working experience . i can speak japanese and germany besides english and of course im good at operating computer.i graduated from .journalism department of beijing university in 1990 and then worked as a journalist in shenzhen daily till december 1996,i studied in bbc from 1997 to 1998 and since . i came back in january 1999,i have been head of the news section i will be very luck if i can work in your newspaper ,and i think i have abilities to do the job well .yours sincerely,wuhua.学习记录卡2（units 712）学习过程：1、辅导订前完成的学习内容：a、做教材中大部分练习 b、熟悉生词和词组c、将不懂的地方记录下来 d、其他2、辅导课上的学习任务：a、听辅导教师讲授 b、积极参与各项课堂教学话动 c、解决疑难问题 d、其他3、辅导课后的学习内容：a、完成剩余的练习 b、复习主要语言点c、自己找一些练习题进一步巩固所学内容 d、其他4、希望辅导教师提供的帮助是：a、答疑解惑 b、系统归纳和讲解c、有针对性地讲解重点、难点 d、其他学习内容：1、units 712 中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？现在进行时及被动语态、一般过去时的被动语态、祈使句、虚拟条件句、过去进行时句被动语态、间接引语2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是：（略）3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：（略）印象最深的cultural notes 是：（略）阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写）作业2一、交际用语15 c a d a d二、词汇与结构610 d b b c b 1115 a c b a d 1620 b c d c d三、完型填空2125 b b a c d 2630 b b c b a四、阅读理解3135 b b a d d 3640 a c b b b 4145 d a b c c4650 t f f t t五、书面表达noticethere will be an english lecture on american lndians and american history by miss lycidro,an american professor from shenzhen tv university .if will be given in the hall of the culture in our university on saturday evening from 7:30 to 9:30 your friends from other schools to att.学习记录卡3（units 1318）学习过程：1、辅导订前完成的学习内容：a、做教材中大部分练习 b、熟悉生词和词组c、将不懂的地方记录下来 d、其他2、辅导课上的学习任务：a、听辅导教师讲授 b、积极参与各项课堂教学话动 c、解决疑难问题 d、其他3、辅导课后的学习内容：a、完成剩余的练习 b、复习主要语言点c、自己找一些练习题进一步巩固所学内容 d、其他4、希望辅导教师提供的帮助是：a、答疑解惑 b、系统归纳和讲解c、有针对性地讲解重点、难点 d、其他学习内容：1、units 1318 中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？动名词与动词不定式、非限定性定语从句、将来完成时、现在进行时的被动语态、现在完成时的被动语态、间接引语和间接引语、反意疑问句2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是：（略）3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：（略）印象最深的cultural notes 是：（略）阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写）作业3作业题目：（略）学期总结1、你认为学习本课程在多大程度上提高了你的英语水平？请从听、说读、写四方面具体谈一谈。（略）2、你对本课程所使用的教学资源（包括文字教材、录音录像教材，网上辅导等）有何评价？有什么意见和建议？（略）3、通过这一学期的学习，你对“自主学习”这种学习模式有什么感受和体会？（略）课内、外综合表现（学生自评略）请您删除一下内容，o(_)o谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. it is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. the type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. these terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. in the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. in the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme a through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. after the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. for the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. there are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. for a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. this will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. this enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. if acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. if this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in new york city during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in american art in the following decade; also called action painting and the new york school. it was the first important school in american painting to declare its independence from european styles and to influence the development of art abroad. arshile gorky first gave impetus to the movement. his paintings, derived at first from the art of picasso, mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. jackson pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. willem de koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. his intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. painters such as philip guston and franz kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. other important artists involved with the movement included hans hofmann, robert motherwell, and mark rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as clyfford still, theodoros stamos, adolph gottlieb, helen frankenthaler, lee krasner, and esteban vicente. abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. for example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de kooning or pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of mark rothko. basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. the movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the american art scene. science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. beginning with the greeks and hipparchus, continuing through ptolemy, copernicus and galileo, and today with our work on the international space station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. from here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. to truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. this science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such ascartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. for example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). in this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. in plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. if the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. in general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). the conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. in solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. in the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. the methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. analytic geometry was introduced by rendescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby sir isaac newton and g. w. leibniz in the late 17th cent. more recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. a circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. the term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly