2016年职称英语理工类A级 临考密押VIP资料内部分享.doc

2016年全国职称英语等级考试【理工类（a级）临考密押】第1部分：词汇选项（第115题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近选项。1. i want to provide my boys with a decent education. aprivatebspecialcgeneraldgood2. lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth. aattractbencouragecspenddrequire3. steep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people. aevidencebcasecdangerdpicture4. the project required ten years of diligent research. ascientificbbasiccsocialdhardworking5. the two banks have announced plans to merge next year. abreakbclosecselldcombine6. he demolished my argument in minutes. adisprovedbacceptedcdisputeddsupported7. her father was a quiet man with graceful manners. asimilarbpolitecusualdbad8. regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone. amoderatebequalcgreatdimmediate9. he was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school. aunclearbbadcbrightdgeneral10. he was kept in appalling conditions in prison. acriticalbnecessarycnormaldterrible11. i cant put up with my neighbors noise any longer, which is driving me mad. ageneratebmeasurectoleratedreduce12. i enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues. ahumorousbboringclongdoriginal13. your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day. afreebregularcphysicaldenergetic14. our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil. areliefbdoubtcconfusiondfailure15. patricia stared at the other girls with resentment. adoubtbangerclovedsurprise第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择a；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择b；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择c。image martian dust particlesnasas phoenix mars lander has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty martian dust with one of its microscopes. the dust particles of dust were shown at a higher magnification放大率than anything outside of earth that has been imaged before. the rounded particle measured only about one micrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across.taking this image required the highest resolution microscope operated off earth and a specially designed device to hold握持 the martian dust, said tom pike, a phoenix science team member from imperial college london. we always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.the device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. the atomic force microscope can detail the shapes of particles as small as about 100 nanometers. and this wont be the last dust particle that phoenix will image. after this first success, were now working on building up a portrait gallery肖像画廊 of the dust on mars, pike said.dust exists everywhere on mars, coating the surface and giving it its rusty red color. dust particles also color染成the martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. the ultra-fine dust is the medium （that actively links gases in the martian atmosphere to processes in martian soil, so it is critically important to understanding mars environment, the researchers said.the $420-million phoenix missionis analyzing the dust and subsurface ice layers of mars arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitability. the particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample（scooped by the robotic arm from the snow white trench and delivered to phoenixs microscope station in early july）.练习 16. the dust particle on mars is the smallest particle that has been imaged outside of eartha. right b.wrong c.not mentioned17. using the same technology, we have also measured the size of particles on the moon and jupiter.a. right b.wrong c.not mentioned18. scientists use the highest resolution microscope to watch and record the image of martian particles on earth.a. right b.wrong c.not mentioned19. tom pike said that they used to think it was no easy job to image such small particles.a. right b.wrong c.not mentioned20. an electronic device has been developed to measure the weight of certain martian particles.a. right b.wrong c.not mentioned21. after collecting the last martian dust particle, the scientists have started to build up a portrait gallery of ita. right b.wrong c.not mentioned22. the phoenixs robotic arm collected the martian dust particles for analysis on mars.a. right b.wrong c.not mentioned笫3部分：概括大意与完成句子【第23 30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23 -26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27 - 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。the science of sport1 at the 2004 olympic games in athens， the chinese athlete liu xiang equaled the world record for the 110 meters hurdles （跨栏） when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. this record time had been set in 1993 by british sprinter （短跑运动员） colin jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast.2 record-breaking in all track events is slowing clown and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. nevertheless， every four years， records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. so whats behind this never-ending improvement in performance？ and how long can we keep breaking records？ is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds？3 most experts agree that it isnt the athletes bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. the individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed， but the help of science and technology can be significant. research has brought a better understanding of the athletes body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance.4 scientists have shown that an athletes bodys needs vary according to the type of sport. this research has helped top sports people to adapt their training program and diet better to their particular needs. running the marathon and cycling， for example， are endurance （耐力） sports and require a different parathion （硝苯硫磷脂） to that of a 100-metre sprinter. in some sports， changes in techniques have significantly improved performance.5 but in any sport， a players success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance for example， the english football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not feel so nervous. before a difficult match， tennis players are encouraged to use visualization （想象） techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice.6 but as science begins to dominate sport， are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition， the sporting challenge？ whats more， are all these advantages fair？a. different sports require different training programs.b. science may be too important today.c. sports equipment has been improved a lot.d. athletes are still breaking records.e. sport science helps improve athletes performances.f. mental training is as important as physical training.23 paragraph 2 . 24 paragraph 3 .25 paragraph 4 .26 paragraph 5 .a. to avoid psychological techniquesb. to break recordsc. to better understand the athletes body and mindd. to time and spacee. to be replacing the sporting challengef. to human performance27 it is more difficult for todays athletes 28 we dont know if there is a limit 29 research has helped coaches 30 scientific advances are suspected 第 4部分:阅读理解 (第 3145题,每题 3分 ,共 45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。第1篇 researchers discover why humans began walking upright most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. these are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. but an international team of researchers, including dr. richmond from gws columbian college of arts and sciences have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. the team of researchers from the u. s., england, japan and portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs. “these chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs,” said dr. richmond. the research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. two studies were conducted by the team in guinea, the first study was conducted by the team in kyoto universitys “ outdoor laboratory” in a natural clearing in bossou forest. researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. the chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations : (a) when only oil palm nuts were available ,(b) when a small number of coula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. when the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. the chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely. in such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths. the second study , by kimberley hockings of oxford brookes university was a 14-month study of bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictable resources. here ,35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again , this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 31. which of the following statements is not true according to the first two paragraphs? a many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. b chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs. c human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources. d our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees. 32. dr. richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding a when humans began walking on two legs. b what made our ancestors walk upright. c what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors. d how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources. 33. kyoto,universitrys study discovered that chimpanzees a regarded both types of nut as priced resources. b preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. c liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. d ignored both types of nut altogether. 34. why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during kyoto universitys experiment? a because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. b because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. c because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster-by walking that way. d because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 35. what can we infer from the reading passage? a chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were. b chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors. c walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages. d human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 第2篇 ants have big impact on environment as ecosystem engineers research by the university of exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as ecosystem engineers and predators. the study, published in the journal of animal ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. this can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.dirk sanders, an author of the study from the universitys centre for ecology and conservation, said:ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. theyre also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. all of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.in this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. what we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. they genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web, sanders said.the study, carried out in germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across europe, including in the uk. it found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. at higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.dr frank van veen, another author on the study, said:what we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. however, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.36 .why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?a because they build their own nests. b because they collect food.c because their activity affects the environment. d because they are predators.37. as predators, antsa prey on small as well as large animals. b collect nutritious food from the soilc collect food as decomposers. d prey on species much higher up the food chain.38. dir sanders study centered on how antsa can manage to thrive in huge numbers.b defend their resources and territory against other predators.c attack those invading animals for survival.d produce such a big impact on the environment.39. what does paragraph 6 tell us?a ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.b ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.c ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.d at higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.40. what still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?a what roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?b how do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?c how do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem?d how do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?第3篇primeronsmellinadditiontobringingout呈现theflavoroffood,whatdoesthesenseofsmelldoforus?smell“givesusinformationaboutplace,aboutwhereweare,”saysrandallreed,ajohnshopkinsuniversityprofessorwhosespecialtyisthesenseofsmell.andsmelltellsusaboutpeople. “whetherwerealizeitornot,wecollectalotofinformationaboutwhoisaroundusbasedonsmell,”saysreed.evenatadistance,odorscanwarnusoftroublespoiledfood,leaking泄露g