2016电大外国文学试题及答案参考资料小抄.doc

电大外国文学试题及答案参考资料小抄一、单项选择题1在希腊神话中，爱神与战神私通，被爱神的丈夫用一张大网捉住，众神哄堂大笑。在古希腊人看来，这些都是a理性不能克制情欲的表现b缺乏道德意识的表现c婚姻状态尚不稳定的表现d神和人一样有七情六欲的表现 d2在埃涅阿斯纪中，维吉尔把罗马人的祖先、特洛伊王子埃涅阿斯写成是神的后裔，其最主要目的是a为了忠实于史实b为了忠实于神话传说c为了渲染史诗的浪漫气氛d为屋大维的统治寻找依据，歌颂罗马统治者 d 3罗兰之歌通过对罗兰奋勇拼杀、战死疆场的描写所要表达的主题是a悲观主义 b爱国主义c自由主义 d人文主义 b 4列那狐同比自己强大的狮子、狼和熊进行周旋和斗争，目的是a保护比自己弱小的鸡、麻雀和小兔等b代表弱小的鸡、麻雀和小兔同强权进行斗争c展现其叛逆性格d纯粹是为了自身的利益，但客观上也有利于小动物 d 5但丁创作神曲时使用的语言是a拉丁语 b希腊语c意大利语 d希伯来语 c 6文艺复兴时期的名著十日谈的核心思想是a反对个人主义b宣扬“幸福在人间”c倡导英雄主义d宣扬封建迷信 b 7莎士比亚早期创作的罗密欧与朱丽叶是a一出阴沉的喜剧b一出乐观的喜剧c一出乐观的悲剧d一出阴沉的悲剧 c 8拉辛的悲剧安德洛玛刻中的同名女主人公由于理性和感情的高度统一，结果是a丧失了儿子的生命，保住了自己的贞节b丧失了儿子的生命，丧失了自己的贞节c保全了儿子的生命，保住了自己的贞节d保全了儿子的生命，丧失了自己的贞节 c 9，笛福的鲁滨逊飘流记的主人公是a西班牙流浪汉典型b具有才能却自甘堕落的时代畸形儿典型c资本原始积累时期英国商业资产者的典型d堂吉诃德式的典型 c10恩格斯称狄德罗的哲理小说拉摩的侄儿是a“辩证法的杰作”b“无与伦比的作品”c“心灵的辩证法”的杰作d“唯物辩证法”的作品 a 11雨果的九三年中革命军司令郭文私自放走了叛军首领朗德纳克，其原因是a朗德纳克是他的叔祖父b朗德纳克因救小孩而被捕，共和国不应该处他死刑c政委西穆尔登是他的老师，不会追究他的责任d同情叛军，对共和国不满 b12霍桑的红字看似一部描写爱情的小说，实际上表现的是a美国的南北战争 b印地安人同白人的斗争c宗教对人性的摧残 d金钱对人性的毁灭 c 13斯丹达尔的文艺论著拉辛与莎土比亚被认为是a浪漫主义的宣言书 b批判现实主义文学的第一部理论著作c古典主义的文艺法典 d启蒙主义理论著作 b14托尔斯泰的长篇小说复活中的女主人公玛丝洛娃是a.上流社会妇女b被侮辱与被损害的下层妇女c追求个性解放的贵族妇女d无可救药的下贱女人 b 15.陀思妥耶夫斯基在穷人中塑造的马卡尔杰武什金是a被侮辱与被损害的小人物 b正面的优秀人物c平民知识分子“新人”形象 d革命民主主义者 a 16.高尔基的被称作是那一时代“俄罗斯精神生活的编年史”的小说是a克里姆萨姆金的一生b马特维柯热米亚金的一生c阿尔达莫诺夫家的事业d奥古洛夫镇 17静静的顿河所描写的顿河地区那些走向新生活的人们是a乌克兰人 b哈萨克人c哥萨克人 d乌兹别克人 1830年代初，罗曼罗兰发表的用以进行自我批评和忏悔反省的著名论文是a超乎混战之上 b欣悦的灵魂c向过去告别 d理智的胜利 19恶心(又译厌恶或作呕)是萨特的成名作，其体裁是a境遇剧 b日记体、自叙体小说c荒诞剧 d哲学随笔 20戈丹是印度现代著名作家普列姆昌德的名作，主人公何利一生最大的愿望是a拥有一头奶牛 b想要一个儿子c还清高利贷 d赎回被变相出卖的女儿 21宫间街、思宫街、甘露街三部曲是马哈福兹的代表作。它主要描写的是a一个封建贵族家庭几代人的觉醒反抗b一个中产阶级家庭三代人对理想的追求c一个工人阶级家庭三代人与资本家的斗争d一个贫苦农民家庭几代人受剥削压迫的血泪史 22中古波斯著名诗人萨迪在自己重要的作品蔷薇园中，主要表现的是a神秘主义思想 b封建主义思想c悲观主义思想 d人道主义思想 23夏目漱石代表作我是猫对当时的社会现实进行了广泛的揭露和批判。其采用的最主要方法是a以古代文学的题材表达作者现代的思想b以沉重的笔调表现悲观主义思想c以猫为叙述者，见人之所未见，言人之所不能言d以作家独特的方言进行一语双关式的叙述 24川端康成的著名小说雪国描写了社会下层人物驹子的悲惨境遇。小说选取的主要角度是a从日常生活表现和对待命运态度两方面进行描绘b从政治生活表现和对待命运态度两方面进行描绘c从日常生活表现和对待爱情态度两方面进行描绘d从政治生活表现和对待爱情态度两方面进行描绘 二、多项选择题25在伊阿古看来，他之所以要陷害奥赛罗、苔丝德蒙娜和凯西奥，原因有a他认为奥赛罗不公正，本应提拔他伊阿古当副官，但却提拔了凯西奥当副官b他认为凯西奥在奥赛罗和苔丝德蒙娜的恋爱过程中帮过忙讨好过他们c他认为他自己应该得到苔丝德蒙娜d他认为凯西奥与苔丝德蒙娜确实有暧昧关系e他认为这些人既憨且直，最容易上当受骗 abe 2617世纪欧洲文学的主要成就有英国资产阶级革命文学和法国古典主义文学，此外还有a巴洛克文学 b市民世俗文学c耶拿派诗歌 d海德堡浪漫派e感伤主义文学 ab27博马舍的费加罗的婚姻描写的主要内容有a阿勒玛维华伯爵和伯爵夫人的婚姻b伯爵仆人费加罗和伯爵夫人使女苏珊娜的婚姻c伯爵施展手段追求苏珊娜，企图恢复对农奴新娘的“初夜权”d费加罗对伯爵百依百顺，委屈求全e费加罗凭智慧和机巧挫败了伯爵的罪恶企图 bce28普希金的政治抒情诗有a自由颂 b乡村c致大海 d致西伯利亚e皇村的回忆 abcd 29老人与海中具有象征意义的物象有a鲸鱼 b大海c马林鱼 d鲨鱼e狮子 bcde 30卡夫卡所创造的艺术世界，人们称为“卡夫卡式”。这种“卡夫卡式”小说的艺术特色具体表现有a荒诞框架下的细节真实 b一定的自传色彩c结构完整 d怪诞e象征 31加西亚马尔克斯的百年孤独是魔幻现实主义的经典作品，其描写的主要内容有a对拉美民族历史文化的再现b布恩蒂亚家族7代人充满神奇色彩的生活和经历c哥伦比亚反动独裁政权的残暴d美国侵略者对拉美民族的政治压迫和经济掠夺e拉美人民应该告别愚昧、孤独，走向觉醒与文明 32沙恭达罗描写豆扇陀向沙恭达罗表达爱情的情节主要有a借故要留在净修林b与沙恭达罗以干闼婆方式结合c恢复记忆后开始思念和寻找沙恭达罗d在回京前以戒指为信物相赠e在仙界相认时悔恨交加 第二部分 非选择题三、名词解释33.狂飙突进运动34.荒诞派戏剧35.俳句四、简答题36.简要说明伪君子中答尔丢夫这一宗教伪善者的欺骗性与危害性.37.哈代笔下的苔丝是“一个纯洁的女人”，但却遭到毁灭，试析苔丝悲剧的根源。38.简析黑色幽默代表作家海勒第二十二条军规中“第二十二条军规”的深刻内涵。五、论述题39.堂吉诃德是个可笑、可爱、可敬又可悲的艺术典型，试论这一形象的矛盾性。40.戈拉是泰戈尔歌颂印度青年的爱国精神、批判宗教偏见的著名作品，试论作者在塑造成主人公戈拉时所运用的主要艺术手法。六、分析题41.欧洲文学史上有一系列吝啬鬼形象,试比较老葛朗台和泼留希金这两个吝啬鬼形象的异同.外国文学史试题参考答案课程代码：00540一、单项选择题1 d 2 d 3 b 4 d 5 c6 b 7 c 8 c 9 c 10 a11 b 12 c 13 b 14 b 15. a16a 17c 18c 19b 20a21b 22d 23c 24c二、多项选择题25.a b e 26a b 27b c e 28a b c d29 b c d e 30 a b d e 31 a b c d e 32 a b c d e三、名词解释参考答案33(1)18世纪70至80年代，在德国发生的一场文学运动。(2)要求个性解放，崇尚天才和叛逆，推崇自然和自我。(3)代表作家有席勒和歌德。34(1)荒诞派戏剧是20世纪50年代兴起于法国，60年代后流行于欧美其他国家的一个反传统戏剧流派。(2)它没有完整连贯的情节，没有戏剧冲突，舞台形象支离破碎，人物语言颠三倒四,它表现的世界是荒诞的，人生是痛苦的，人与人的关系是无法沟通的。(3)代表作家有尤奈斯库、贝克特、品特和阿尔比等。35(1)是日本民族创造的一种形式最短小的诗歌形体。(2)由“五、七、五”句式共17个音组成，含蓄、凝炼，追求一种淡雅、静寂和隽秀的意境。(3)代表作家是被尊为“俳圣”的松尾芭蕉。四、简答题36(1)答尔丢夫是17世纪宗教伪善者的化身，表里不一，将自己装扮成虔诚的教士。实际上却是贪食贪睡贪财贪色的恶棍。(2)恶行败露时，立刻露出狰狞面目，利用法律，串通官府，企图置他人于死地。(3)他的行为向世人昭示了这种伪善者与法律、宗教、官府、宫廷联系密切，是伪善社会的产物，具有极大的欺骗性和危害性。37(1)个人的悲剧：对美好生活的追求使苔丝始终不向环境和命运低头，但她又相信人的一生是由命运安排的。(2)时代的悲剧：资本主义大工业侵入宗法制乡村，宗法制农民纷纷破产，道德秩序与生活秩序一样产生了混乱。苔丝内心的纯洁与所处环境的冲突形成了悲剧的因素,不合理的社会制度毁灭了苔丝。38(1)“军规”本身就是一种高度抽象和集中，象征着冥冥中统治世界的神秘力量，变化无常，莫测高深；(2)作为一条军规,它是强制性的；它运用了自相矛盾的推理逻辑，在似是而非中包藏着祸心；(3)它的本质在于它是一个放之四海而皆准的圈套，是一种永远无法摆脱的困境，是现代西方人对世界的一种感受。五、论述题参考答案39堂吉诃德是个满脑子骑士幻想而又具有人文主义思想特征的可笑而又可敬的矛盾复杂形象。(1)他是个满脑子骑士幻想的不切买际的幻想家的典型。理想与现实脱节，主观与客观分离是其主要特征。受流行的骑士小说的毒害，他迷上了骑士道，试图恢复过时的骑士道。因而，虽然动机良好，但行为却极其荒唐，效果也极坏。吃尽了苦头。出够了洋相。(2)同时，他还是一个具有人文主义特征的可敬的人物。他有渊博的学识，崇高的理想，有为真理和正义而献身的精神。他打起仗来勇往直前，无所畏惧。且道德高尚，诚实守信。他心目中的骑士道实际上也是他的人文主义理想的载体和寄托。(3)当时的西班牙社会没有提供实现其理想的土壤，因而造就了这个可笑而又可敬的矛盾形象。(4)这个形象具有重要意义。通过他，既讽刺了不切实际的幻想家，也表达和寄托了人文主义理想，同时还表达了对当时西班牙社会的苦涩理解。40(1)人物对话富有论辩性。戈拉积极发表自己的见解与别人争论，有助于揭示人物性格和内心思想。(2)人物形象的鲜明对比。戈拉与毕诺耶，戈拉与哈伦的对比更深刻地刻画出人物形象。(3)优美的抒情格调。在描摹戈拉的言行时，伴随着作者的强烈抒情。六、分析题参考答案41相同点：(1)葛朗台的一切信仰都以金钱利害关系为基础，他搞政治投机，正是为了经济掠夺。波留希金具有强烈的积聚财富的欲望，一天到晚为财物的积累和贮存而奔波。(2)贪婪使葛朗台被金钱所奴役，最终在对黄金的渴欲中送命。贪婪使波留希金变成了财富的奴隶，成为受物质支配的异化了的人。(3)吝啬使葛朗台丧失人性，他对妻子、女儿、侄子毫无感情可言。吝啬使波留希金失去了性别，他过着乞丐一般的生活，和儿女断绝亲情。不同点：葛朗台是法国19世纪初期一个资产阶级暴发户，他的最大特征是巧取豪夺。他的发迹是靠侵占大革命的胜利果实与剥夺人民财富发家致富的，充满了血腥与罪恶。波留希金是19世纪俄国农奴制度崩溃时期的地主，他的最大的特征是没落和堕落，他残酷地压榨和剥削农奴，他的没落表现了俄国农奴主阶级的衰亡。请您删除一下内容，o(_)o谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. it is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. the type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. these terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. in the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. in the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme a through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. after the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. for the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. there are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. for a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. this will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. this enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. if acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. if this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in new york city during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in american art in the following decade; also called action painting and the new york school. it was the first important school in american painting to declare its independence from european styles and to influence the development of art abroad. arshile gorky first gave impetus to the movement. his paintings, derived at first from the art of picasso, mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. jackson pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. willem de koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. his intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. painters such as philip guston and franz kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. other important artists involved with the movement included hans hofmann, robert motherwell, and mark rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as clyfford still, theodoros stamos, adolph gottlieb, helen frankenthaler, lee krasner, and esteban vicente. abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. for example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de kooning or pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of mark rothko. basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. the movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the american art scene. science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. beginning with the greeks and hipparchus, continuing through ptolemy, copernicus and galileo, and today with our work on the international space station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. from here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. to truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. this science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such ascartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. for example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). in this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. in plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. if the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. in general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). the conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. in solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. in the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. the methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. analytic geometry was introduced by rendescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby sir isaac newton and g. w. leibniz in the late 17th cent. more recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed