2016年电大幼儿游戏与玩具形成性考核作业1-3答案资料小抄.doc

电大幼儿游戏与玩具形成性考核作业1-3答案资料小抄作业一：一、名词解释1剩余精力说：代表人物是席勒与斯宾塞。主要观点是：生物都有维持自己生存的能力，身体健康的儿童除了维持正常生活外，还有剩余精力，剩余精力需要发泄，而游戏就是一种剩余精力的发泄方式。2松弛说：代表人物是拉察鲁斯和帕特里克。主要观点是：游戏不是为了剩余精力的发泄，而是为了精力的恢复，儿童需要用游戏来恢复精力。3前练习说：又称生活预备说。代表人物是格鲁斯。主要观点是：在童年时代就要游戏，游戏提供了儿童准备参加严肃生活的途径，游戏是儿童未来生活最好的预备。4复演说：代表人物是霍尔。主要观点是：游戏重演了人类进化的过程，重现了人类进化过程中祖先的动作和活动，游戏是人类遗传活动的表现。5自主性体验：谈及游戏，幼儿的心理状态总是放松的，因为他们是游戏的主人，持有这种“权利”所引起的体验就是自主性体验。6角色扮演：是一种特殊的游戏动作，是指幼儿以自身或他物为媒介对他人或他物的动作、行为、态度进行模仿的动作，也可以说是一种象征性动作。7象征动作：幼儿在游戏中的动作和生活中的基本动作不同，尽管在表现上类似，但意义却截然不同，比如游戏中幼儿模仿日常活动中拍球的动作，不是真要玩球，而是为了符合游戏的情景，配合游戏的需要。这种动作就是象征动作，即“在表象作用支配下的想象性虚构性动作”。8感觉运动游戏：即机能性游戏、练习性游戏、实践性游戏，是儿童最早出现的一种形式，一般存在于从儿童出生到2岁这一阶段这类游戏主要由简单的重复动作运动组成。在运用过程中获得快感，该游戏的主要表现形式为徒手游戏或重复的操作物体的游戏。9象征性游戏：是2-7岁学前儿童最典型的游戏形式。象征即用具体的事物表现某种特殊意义，在这一时期，幼儿的象征游戏表现为运用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行动方式将现实生活和自己的愿望反映出来。情景转变，以物代物，以人代人是象征性游戏的基本构成要素。10表演游戏：是根据故事、童话、舞蹈等文艺作品的内容，指导幼儿进行扮演的游戏。它需要背诵文学语言，在充分理解的基础上，依据作品情节，分角色表达出人物性格。属于一种特殊的角色游戏，它是对童话或故事中成型角色的语方、动作、表情等进行创造性扮演的游戏。二、简答题1游戏的觉悟实践的重要观点有哪些？答：游戏的觉醒理论又称内驱力理论。主要观点是：（1）环境刺激是觉醒的重要源泉（2）机体具有维持体内均衡的主动调节机制（3）当有新异刺激机会体采用探索的方法来下降觉醒程度（4）当缺少刺激时机体采取游戏的方式来进步觉醒水平2经典游戏理论有哪些贡献？在人类历史上第一次严肃地思考并解释了儿童游戏的原因与意义；从儿童生理的不同侧面对儿童游戏的原因与意义进行解释；从人的一般本性和共性角度对儿童游戏的原因与意义进行解释；基本上肯定了游戏是儿童的一种重要活动，是儿童心理发展的重要力量。3简述幼儿游戏的虚构性特征。答：虚构性。即幼儿游戏是在假想的情景中反映实在的活动,具备显明的虚构性。这是游戏的一个凸起的特点，幼儿的游戏是现实生活与想象活动联合的成果。游戏离不开想象，想象既不能完整脱离现实，也不能原底本本地复制现实。游戏中幼儿通过扮演角色（如扮演医生看病、司机开车、售货员卖货），模拟成人的语言动作，应用各种象征性资料反映现实生活上的人和事以及彼此之间的关联。游戏的这种设想性特色，使幼儿不受详细条件的限度，不受时光和地点的制约，把设想中的情节发展下去。幼儿在游戏中,内在现实超出了外在现实,物体的日常意义被疏忽,而代替以游戏中新的意义。通过象征与转换,幼儿在游戏中实现了从心理现实到社会现实的对接。4游戏性体验包括哪些主要成分。（1）兴趣性体验（2）自主性休会（3）胜率性体验（4）风趣感（5）劲力愉快5玩具有哪些教育作用？玩具有利于培养幼儿科学探索的精神；玩具有利于培养幼儿审美能力和品德行为；玩具有利于幼儿认知能力的发展。6简述幼儿游戏的认知分类。感觉运动游戏；象征性游戏；结构游戏；规则游戏。三、论述题1论述社会文化历史学派游戏理论的主要观点、贡献与局限性。社会文化历史学派也称为维鲁列学派，代表人物有维果斯基、艾里康宁等心理学家。主要观点：（1）游戏起源于社会生活；（2）游戏不是儿童的天赋本能活动，而是发展到一定阶段才出现的活动；（3）游戏活动具有想象性和规则性；（4）游戏对儿童有着巨大的发展价值；（5）游戏促进了儿童对角色的认识贡献：强调游戏的发展是儿童与成人相互作用的结果；赋予游戏以更为积极的重要价值；对于学前教育实践具有重要影响。局限性：一些理论观点需要进一步探讨和验证；过分夸大成人在儿童游戏中的作用。2举例论述游戏对幼儿社会性发展的促进作用。（一）游戏为幼儿提供了社会交往的机会，发展了幼儿社会交往的能力。（二）游戏有助于幼儿克服自我中心化，学会理解他人。（三）游戏使幼儿学习社会角色，增强社会角色扮演的能力。（四）游戏有助于幼儿掌握社会行为规范，形成良好的道德品质。（五）游戏有助于幼儿增强自制力。（例子可参照教材p55-59）3试论述如何在幼儿园中体现以游戏为基本活动。幼儿园以游戏为基本活动对教师提出了更高的要求,不仅要求教师科学.合理地安排一日生活,给幼儿提供各种游戏的机会,还要求教师具备发现.分析指导幼儿游戏的意识和能力,变幼儿被动的学习为主动的需要.在幼儿园一日生活中,尊重幼儿的年龄特征,使各种活动都带有游戏的要素:1幼儿园生活活动2幼儿园教学活动3游戏活动,总之,实现幼儿园以游戏的形式开展教育活动,完成特定的教育教学活动,同时,要注重开展幼儿自由的游戏活动,充分发挥游戏自主性特点,激发幼儿内在的活动动机,产生积极体验,获得身心和谐发展。4.举例说明本体性游戏和工具性游戏在幼儿园教育中具有什么作用？本体性游戏强调幼儿可以主动支配行为和自由参加游戏,它反映幼儿发展的水平和兴趣爱好,表演游戏和结构游戏都属于此类游戏,工具性游戏强调游戏外在的工具价值即教学价值,音乐游戏,体育游戏,智力游戏等都属于此类游戏。实际上，无论何种形式的游戏，其目的都指向幼儿的全面发展，有利于幼儿身心素质的提高。作业三一、名词解释1轶事记录法：是指简短地记录幼儿的游戏或游戏中的偶发事件。这些记录可反映幼儿的游戏技能以及社会性、认知、情感和身体等方面发展的状况。2交叉式介入法：是指当幼儿有教师参与的需要或教师认为有指导的必要时，由幼儿邀请教师作为游戏中的某一角色或教师自己扮演一个角色进入幼儿的游戏，通过教师与幼儿角色之间的互动，起到指导幼儿游戏的作用。3.专门化玩具：亦称成人玩具，是根据游戏的需要，专门设计制作的玩具，如各种交通工具、炊具、娃娃等。它们可直接充当游戏的成员或设备，有助于幼儿模仿成人的活动，激发幼儿游戏的兴趣和愿望。4.结构造型玩具：如各种积木、积塑、泥、沙、雪等。由于这类玩具的玩法没有定型，幼儿根据自己的想象，可以利用这种玩具建造各种建筑物或者立体形象，对挖掘儿童智能，培养幼儿的创造力、想象力有着重要作用，此外还能提高幼儿动作的协调性和准确性，提高幼儿游戏的兴趣。5.智力玩具：是指用以发展幼儿智力的玩具，包括各种图片、卡片和各种拼、插、套、镶嵌等材料。二、简答题1.幼儿游戏场地环境创设的原则是什么？答：第一，促进幼儿的发展；第二，符合幼儿特点；第三，保证幼儿的安全性。2.简答教师组织教学游戏时的主要环节。答：准备游戏经验，投放材料；确定游戏活动的规则和方法；观察游戏；参与游戏，指导游戏；评价游戏，分享游戏体验。3.如何保证游戏观察的有效性？答：观察面要广；有深度；具备一定的灵敏性。4.简述结构游戏的年龄特征。答：小班：开始时只是无目的的摆弄结构材料，还不会搭。一般结构游戏时间为10分钟。中班：目的比较明确，对搭建材料的动作和过程感兴趣，也关心游戏的成果。一般结构时间为20分钟。大班：基本掌握结构的技能。能围绕一个主题进行长时间的结构活动，并出现多人参与的集体结构游戏。5.幼儿表演游戏的特点和作用是什么？答：特点：游戏性、表演性。作用：培养幼儿良好的品质；培养幼儿良好的行为方式；有利于发展幼儿的语言能力，激发幼儿对文学艺术的兴趣。6.如何对班级的玩教具进行管理？答：建立玩教具使用的规范；合理放置，便于幼儿取放；定期清洗、检修玩教具；根据需要，及时增减玩具。三、论述题1联系教育实际，论述如何评价在幼儿游戏过程中教师的指导行为。 参考答案： 教师介入的方式主要有平行式介入、交叉式介入和垂直介入。教师在进行指导时，应采取语言和非语言等混合的方法对游戏行为进行指导。如教师的一个微笑、一声赞美，能鼓起幼儿战胜自我的信心和战胜困难的勇气。 在以下特殊情况下教师可适度的介入： （1）当幼儿在游戏中因遇到困难、挫折，难以实现自己的游戏愿望时；（2）当幼儿在游戏中有不安全的倾向时；（3）当幼儿主动寻求帮助时；（4）当幼儿出现过激行为时。 2结合你所观察到的幼儿角色游戏，举例论述幼儿喜欢扮演什么角色？表现出什么样的行为？幼儿有怎样的心理体验？ 参考答案： 游戏中幼儿喜欢扮演妈妈、教师、司机、医生、警察等角色。 例如，他们会学着妈妈炒菜的样子、学警察站立不动或者指挥交通的样子、学医生给病人看病或打针的样子。 角色游戏是幼儿建立积极情感、调整消极情感的途径，也是表露或发泄情感的渠道。在游戏中幼儿体验各种情感，如快乐、对别人的关心和同情、成功的喜悦或恐惧等，又可以控制这些情感。角色游戏的一方提供消除情感的出路，减少情感上的失调，战胜情感上的障碍；另一方面以活动成功的满足，增强控制环境的能力，增长信心。 3以“丢手绢”游戏为例，论述教师应如何指导幼儿规则游戏。 参考答案： （1）选择和编制适合幼儿年龄阶段的规则游戏； （2）教会幼儿游戏的玩法。 开始前，准备几块手绢，然后大家推选一个丢手绢的人，其余的人围成一个大圆圈蹲下。游戏开始，被推选为丢手绢的人沿着圆圈外行走。丢手绢的人要不知不觉地将手绢丢在其中一人的身后。被丢了手绢的人要迅速发现自己身后的手绢，然后迅速起身追逐丢手绢的人，丢手绢的人沿着圆圈奔跑，跑到被丢手绢人的位置时蹲下，如被抓住，则要表演一个节目，可表演跳舞、歌谣、讲故事。四、案例分析：案例：大班游戏：“飞机场”文章略，分析如下：原因1：教师指导时机把握欠佳，对游戏进程引导不力。表现为由于区域布置的不合理，游戏开始就出现混乱，而教师此时没有及时介入给予指导；“飞机场”的游戏多少有些超出孩子们的生活经验，故游戏过程中对“机长”的指导应该是重点，在游戏开始前就该有适当指导，以确保游戏进程顺利，但教师却是在登机后出现情况才介入；“机长”关于飞机将爆炸的说法影响了孩子们愉快的游戏心理，教师此时却没有任何反应；第一个航班“降落”后，第二个航班起飞时，孩子们已有经验，教师此时却完全介入甚至取代了孩子。原因2：教师的指导语言和行为有待改进。表现为：以乘客身份介入后，没有用激励性语言来干预当时的混乱情景，反而给“播音员”以更大压力；在指导“机长”通知起飞时，一字一句地教给幼儿没有体现出教师与幼儿的良好互动，不利于幼儿的思维和认知主动发展；在第二个航班开始起飞时，教师完全取代幼儿自行指挥，则犯了强行控制游戏进程的大忌，达不到幼儿在创造和发现中主动发展的目的。原因3：两次航班在同一区域起飞，体现出环境创设的不合理。请您务必删除一下内容，o(_)o万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for chinese this summer, along with thailands phuket island and the maldives archipelago. encouraged by growth in chinese travelers to indonesia, the government in jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. since june 10, chinese tourists can enter indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the soekarno hatta international airport in jakarta, the ngurah rai international airport in bali and the kuala namu international airport in medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. the new policy also means chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to indonesia more alluring. while such an arrangement allows chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inbeijing,shanghai,guangzhouorhong kong, according to an official at the indonesia embassy in beijing. santo darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. dai yu, marketing director of ctrip, a major chinese online travel agency, says: weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of chinese tourists to bali since the policy was announced. during his trip to china in march, indonesian president joko widodo proposed that his country and china aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. the indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. the indonesian government hopes that indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting china, says darmosumarto. in 2013, the number of chinese tourists who visited indonesia stood around 807,000. last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. bali remains the most popular site among chinese tourists. in february, more than 92,200 chinese tourists made trips to bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the bali times reported. last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from china, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says fan wenqing, a marketing executive at garuda, indonesias national airliner. garuda offers three nonstop flights between beijing and bali, and four each week between beijing and jakarta. there are daily flights from guangzhou, inguangdongprovince, and shanghai to jakarta as well. it takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach indonesia from china. indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. tourists can tour yogyakarta to see prambanam and borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. the base of a volcano, bandung, which is also known as the paris of java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. many ecotourism destinations, such as toba lake in sumatra, tanjung puting national park in kalimantan and bunaken in manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of sumatra down to nusa tenggara islands. recently, lombok, a sister island east of bali has gotten so much attention from chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for bali and lombok. the best time to visit bali is from may to october, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. at press time, a weeklong package from shanghai or guangzhou to bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on ctrips website. chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in ubud, sightseeing in tanah lot, and surfing and diving in nusa lembongan, says dai. civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for chinese tourists in indonesia, she says. indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in europe. their passage to china, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. in china, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. from early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. the illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that china experienced after the collapse of qing dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the japanese invasion. the second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. the fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. many of the popular stories are from chinese history and wars after 1900s. the third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. the reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the west to china, a country that had been closed to the west for nearly three decades. fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. china also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the west and japan. many young parents in china have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. this is also the last era in chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the internet period. the fourth stage is featured with the spread of the internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. the hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. hainan tropical wildlife park and botanical garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. with tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. the scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. the safari on foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. as ateaching center of the national popular science education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. at a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow greece to remain in the eurozone. given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in greece and the effect a default would have on europe, relations between china and the eu, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. in response, greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the european central bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. a real danger now looms of greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. however, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. the eu should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. as a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation eu, and a responsible long-term holder of eurobonds, chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers eu leaders the necessary support to look at the greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. when li said that china will not only consider a china-eu investment platform to back european commission president jean-claude junckers plan to revive the european economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the european investment bank, eu leaders should be clear that china wants to see the eu maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as china which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. it will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting sino-eu cooperation.请您删除一下内容，o(_)o谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react s